Philosophical Edwina

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Philosophy ( fill / loss / of / fee ) is determining the essence and substance of any matter through thinking and reasoning by living beings that have evolved and developed beyond the animalistic instinctive desire level so that an enduring universal balanced harmony can be achieved and enacted as the central natural foundation platform for a civilised society .

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VOTER  REASSURANCE  –  FEDERAL  ELECTION  2013

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The inconvenience of an election is minor in comparison to the inconveniences that the outcome of the election will deliver until the next minor inconvenience

Do not be concerned with electing the wrong candidate for unlike marriage one will not be obligated to live with the mistake

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VOTER  REASSURANCE  –  FEDERAL  ELECTION  2016

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Every candidate for an election should not be ignored only because it is not known which one to ignore until after the election

You should not be found amongst any group of election candidates but the search is often made regardless

All elections have an ending but the consequences of elections have no ending

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VOTER  REASSURANCE  –  FEDERAL  ELECTION  2019

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An election will provide an opportunity for any elector to break every existing known law by proxy without the evocation of personal censure

Every subsequent election will give any elector who became a voter in the prior election an opportunity for a repeat offence still without the evocation of personal censure

Any elector who does become a voter at every election could be deemed an unrepentant sinner but amazingly there does not yet exist any legal condemnation of such act

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VOTER  REASSURANCE  –  FEDERAL  ELECTION  2022

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It is always possible that nobody will be nominated for the election

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VOTER  REASSURANCE  –  FEDERAL  ELECTION  2025

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A majority is really a significant minority with a minimalist view point

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WRITTEN  ELECTION  MATERIAL PREFACES

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Federal  Election  2007  Cook  Electorate  –   Welcome  to  the  illusion  of  delusion

Federal  Election  2010   Cook  Electorate  –   Welcome  to  the  reality  of  unreality

Federal  Election  2013   Cook  Electorate   –   Welcome  to  the  limitations  of  limitation

the following are pending  –  via dinosaur records

Federal  Election  2016  Cook  Electorate  –  Welcome  to  the  complexity  of  simplicity

Federal  Election  2019  Cook  Electorate  –  Welcome  to  the  world  of  wordliness 

Federal  Election  2022  Cook  Electorate  –  Welcome  to  the  construct  of  artificiality 

Federal  Election  2025  Cook  Electorate  –  Welcome to the cavalcade  of  manipulation

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WISE  WORD  WORK  2015

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In the childs game of rock paper scissors where rock does destroy scissors by crushing and paper does destroy rock by slicing or scraping and scissors does destroy paper by cutting one of the three stated objects will gain ascendancy if an even selection is not made by the players as to which they choose to be but fortunately time will determine an even selection result by the law of random probability and thus balance of power despite intervals of power imbalance however if the game was never played there would be no destruction as the power is not used and therein lies a fundamental problem in life of immature game players who are only mindful of a game and its rules but not its consequences 

If one is critical of the clothing worn by somebody then they have no desire of knowing what lies beneath the clothes and conversely if one is not critical of the clothing worn by somebody they are desirous of knowing what lies beneath the clothes thereby it should be apparent what will determine the clothes one will wear

The rules of most current recreational games and sport are designed to end or kill the play as quickly as possible instead of maintain or continue the play for as long as possible thus this wayward mentality is ultimately upholding and reinforcing the overall flawed concept of competition against each other instead of collaboration with each other

There are only two types of fool namely winning which always is at the expense of others and losing which is always at the expense of self but fools view winning at the expense of self and losing at the expense of others so the fool has fooled the foolish into being fools

Success is merely failed failure that fails to fail which means life is always failing or else
it would cease to exist while that which succeeded to succeed always succeeds in
succeeding without fail to be successfully successful regardless of everything failing

Wisdom may only be found by question the fool the answer so it is not enough to question the fool and answer or answer the fool and question or question the question or answer the answer for without the fool there is no question to be asked or answer to be given

Something will require nothing but everything shall require something and not nothing
while anything must require everything which does mean all things are dependent upon
each other thus independence cannot be something or anything or nothing or everything

Something came up is the lamest excuse that can be offered for anything except in the case of prostitutes and those who enjoy sex which between the two could include everybody thus making that excuse the only one ever needed lame though it may be

Although only two types of fool exist there is more than one fool and individual fools are many but if a fool is not of two types wisdom has been found and the lie is no more

Doing something is better than doing nothing except where doing nothing is better than doing something so it all depends upon the doing and not upon the some no thing

A male will see the vision and a female will feel the vision and a mystic will know the vision but a human being will experience the vision often without seeing and feeling and knowing

It is sexually impossible for a man to be with a man or a woman to be with a woman as both a man and a woman are defined in terms of each other and not one another

There is no such thing as procrastination if fate does intervene and prevent something from happening or not happening and that will include things caused by procrastination

If twins ever did appear together they would be same of the one instead of one of the same

Those who live by the rules cannot possibly die by the rules for they are already dead

Doing nothing is none the less doing something even though it is not doing anything

As ones wage or salary doth increase the ethical component shall generally decrease

More is less when there is enough and less is more when there is not enough

A mistake within a mistake cannot be a mistake despite it being a mistake

Anything is better than nothing but not if nothing will exclude everything 

There exist only one side to a story otherwise it would not be a story

Left will be right if right to be left and all is right if left to right

Everything is a lie except the lie itself which is the only truth

All is in perfect balance until it is weighed and weighted

Less law is best law while more law is best lore

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WISE  WORD  WORK  2016

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All beginnings do result as the ending of something else while all endings shall result in the beginning of something else so a sin can only be eradicated if there is no beginning and without a beginning there is no need for something else which is the perpetrator of all sin 

Perfection alone cannot exist because all things are naturally imperfect but perfectionism does exist by virtue of the perfectionist who can only be perfect in being imperfect

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WISE  WORD  WORK  2017  

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The path to knowledge is knowing what should be known is called know how while the key to knowledge is knowing that know how should be known without the need of a key for when one knows know how should knowingly be known then one already knows how

An opportunity presenting itself and being accepted could form the reason of anything but the reason for such acceptance should always remain unknown so the question of why cannot be determined otherwise opportunities would never present themselves

A proposal will always remain proposing unless or until enacted but if and when enacted no proposition exist only the proposedly proposed enacting of the enacted enactment

Kids ruin everything and adults are the ruination of everything but fortunately all things
require ruining otherwise the ruins of ruination would never be ruined

Being taught something a wrong way quickly determines the worth of a subject

The best way of carrying a burden is wearing it naturally and well fitted

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WISE  WORD  WORK  2018 

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The difficulty in learning is becoming knowingly difficult

A life will only be meaningful if it has meaning to the one who lives it

Wisdom is long in the making short on the memory and rarely utilised when needed

Insight comes as a flurry and is fleeting but its intensity will depend upon the lead time

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WISE  WORD  WORK  2019

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Good laws only exist so bad laws can be effectively countered but with elimination of bad laws there would be no need of good laws and hence no need of any law which means all law is effectively bad and thereby should not exist but without law there would be no lore  

When faced with only two choices it is usually better to find another option which means there are now two alternatives of either the choice or the newly derived option but the problem of one or the other has not been eliminated by this form of thinking 

Just as the visible reflection of a pond becomes apparent by the position of its viewer and an unbroken medium of water so the reflective ponder of words in a sentence will only be apparent by their position unbroken by punctuation 

Creativity does come as a flood that will allow creation but it is the same flood which shall exhaust and drown the creator and their creative ability except for those who float and ride the flow of the flood to recreate another time

One may only find the necessary if they first know the unnecessary however this cannot be determined unless the unnecessary was originally the necessary

Sex is not a desire but merely an exercise that will require animal effort to produce minimal desirability for any other activity

If not for not what would be the state of all things and not the question of everything so a statement will always pose a question when it is not

Fear should be given its rightful passage but it must always remain a passenger and never given the position of driver

If not for things being said nothing would be written and if not for poetic license nothing would be worth saying or worth writing

Things must be within reach for their obtainment but just because something is within reach does not mean it can be grasped

If something is not missing nothing would be found so discovery is merely the uncovering of that which already knowingly exist

Thinking ones self superior does represent the quickest way of being thought inferior but not much will happen otherwise

It is not wise to condemn the wise guy as they are actually a wise guide and thus a pathway to the domain of wisdom

The power must not operate for something to be repaired but the repair may only occur if the power is still there

If anyone out there finds the meaning of life they should divulge its location as it may be of passing interest

Nobody can create as it is merely the existing being recreated and this re creation activity can only occur during recreation time

A fundamental choice of life is whether prior entry is better than existing entry 

Provocation should only be used for motivation and not as a motive

If the message cannot be conveyed by content within a single page then one should not seek outside the page content

It is against the law to impersonate another person so nobody should become a person and risk impersonation

Economising does mean more usefulness in less space and not a greater expanse of least usefulness

A point mark ends a word sentence but a point made within a sentence can only be felt and not marked

Two wrongdoers will always out do a do gooder while two good doers will always out do any wrongdoing

Familiarity may breed contempt in a family but is especially prevalent within a community of common unity

Something should always intercede any procedure otherwise the procedural outcome may prevail

If something is not shared it does not exist but nobody should be told this because it is a secret

The problem with life is that some take it too seriously while others do not take to it at all

The main trouble with life is that too many take it and forget to leave it when they should

Continuous and continual mocking of seriousness will eventually become serious in itself

Workers may carry the load but all are burdened by the produced load 

Before living life to the full one must first learn how to run on empty

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WISE  WORD  WORK  202

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Following all the rules will produce a poor result while breaking all the rules will produce an unpredictable result so a desired result can only be obtained by knowing which rules should be broken 

If somebody does ask themselves whether something should be done and answer no but do it anyway it shall simply mean they know the answer beforehand whereas if somebody does ask themselves the same question and answer yes but does not do it that will simply mean they did not no the answer beforehand

An object is normally missed only when it is not present and not missed when it is present so there should be no concern when an audience appears not to grasp the object of the subject because the object of a subject which is not a thing can never be missed as it shall always be present 

It is better to stimulate thought rather than provoke thought for provocative thought will be thought provoking whereas stimulative thought will be thought stimulating so it should be apparent that stimulation by thought must be thought more desirable and provocation by thought must be thought less desirable

One should not cease creating at a certain number as that would  be indicative of limitation and not creativity which has no bounds however the answer to all things lays within the number forty two or 42 or for two or one word and one number or the creator and the creation

If thirty nine steps are outlined then stating this wiil become one of the outlined steps of the embodiment thereby making forty in total which doth mean after any last step there shall exist one more but only if the embodiment is outlined and stated

Although love is born of the ego it doth simply mean the finding of ones self within and through others so the ego should be given its rightful place in the creation of all things and never unduly suppressed or restrained nor inflated beyond constraint

Despite punctuality everybody will be late at the very least once in their lives as the names on cemetery tombstones and plaques shall testify so that does make death mere lateness or more precisely a lack of form 

Nobody should be critical of those who attend something without being attentive because attentive attendees shall only give attention to attentiveness while inattentive attendees will give attention to everything else except attentiveness

A wandering hand is better than the hand which has found its target and lets loose without first letting go while a wandering mind will never find its target but at least it does let loose after letting go

Forgetfulness is the surest way to remain ignorant when escaping earthly concerns so one should never escape but wait until they are ready to leave before becoming forgetful

One might exclaim my word after somebody has conveyed something beyond belief in conversation but beyond the word only lays make believe which is not of my word

Change although constant shall only occur slowly but the tangible enactment thereof does occur quickly and unexpectedly so everything will operate according to a variable constant

Those who are never satisfied will always hunger while those who are satisfied will die hungry but those who do not seek satisfaction shall never hunger nor die hungry

Those with a mind for creation are usually not mindful of their creation so that which is created must develop its own mind to survive the mindlessness of their creator

While words are written on a piece of paper without meaning the words themselves will have meaning but only to those who can read what is meant by the words

It is knowing the way not to go that shall determine the way to go which through extension will mean that knowing the way not to go does become the only way to go but only by default  

Everybody is endowed with a conscience but unfortunately some will utilise it less than others while there are still others who have yet to make its acquaintance at all

It is not what one knows or who one knows but how many one knows that will better place one as all others each know something that one does not know

The ones who do defy the natural order will be legendary but the ones who dare defy the unnatural order shall become the legend and give birth to the never ending story

One will do their best to avoid shopping trolleys in a supermarket but like fallibility and vulnerability they are always there and hence unavoidable

One should never claim freedom because liberty will then intervene to inform the free they are not at liberty to be free without first being liberated

Strong are they who unburden their troubled mind but those who burden others with their mind for trouble are the strongest of the weak

Food for thought should be ravishingly devoured and savoured while food for eating should be simply digested and divested

The one who doth use mind over matter will prevail over everything but anyone who is mindless of matter shall prevail in all things

No law is greater than the receiver of the law but all lore is infinitely greater than any giver or receiver of law

By going one never gets gotten however those who are forgotten but not gone should go and get gotten

Lip service is better than no service but zip service should be included for those who want full service

Missed opportunity is just forgetfulness while opportunity missed is mere short sightedness

Sunday is declared the divine day of creation which shall make the rest of lesser importance

Heaven must wait for earthly things to be done and completed or simply completely done

Wait for a while and things will improve but wait too long and things shall prove a weight

A captive audience is useless as a captive audience unless they are given belief of release

Fickle are they who point the finger for their other fingers will always point back to them

Earthly gain is said to be folly but it will entirely depend upon what gain can be gained

All who are of the word will remain spell bound until the word is magically broken

Creation doth involve wresting that which is undesired from that which is desired

Rite of passage is the best description of ones journey through life and beyond

It is generally better to walk away from trouble rather than run away troubled

Everybody is written off at death but many are a write off long beforehand

Seek and ye shall find but it is equally well to think and be found

Two against one is never fair because one will always divide two

Grinding may take longer but it is more certain than pulverising

An early arrival is generally better than a late departure

The mind will play tricks so a trick cannot play a mind

Watch outward occasionally and inward constantly

Genuine are those who do not strive to be genuine

Thought can only become known if it is expressed

Pearls of wisdom are the only ones with any value

Rest will only occur after the storm from the calm

Heaven will twinkle while the earth shall wrinkle

Desire doth form the basis of all things

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WISE  WORD  WORK  2021

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Nothing can be given meaning unless it is analysed and assessed and appraised but those with the ability to do so never shall analyse or assess or appraise except when they are analysing and assessing and appraising those who will unreservedly analyse and assess and appraise 

Twenty six word sentences which knowingly twice include all twenty six alphabet
letters will quickly become puzzling incomprehensible frivolous vexatious
inadequate juxtapositional junk devoid of meaning

Nothing is ever decisively chosen as everyone is defined by their decision of choice while
being classed by their choice of choosing 

All things are meaningless until given meaning by those who are meaningful

The only thing a face mask wearer cannot hide or mask is fear of not wearing one

The only class of people who can wear a face mask without it appearing misplaced would be the police because they have everything to hide and no face or aspect worthy of show 

The ability of wearing a face mask with no physical ill effect could be advantageous for an applicant seeking paid employment but only if a prospective employer can be convinced that face mask wearing will not mentally affect the health of everyone else

Unmasked people are being refused entry to medical centres so apparently only those who do wear a mask are considered sick and ill and diseased while those not wearing such will be officially confirmed and acknowledged as fit and healthy by virtue of such refusal 

A bad person is generally recognised as such by wearing a face mask and in the past that was only applicable to an insignificant number of the population but currently the bad people out number the good people so that ultimately doth reveal the extent of badness

Those who apportion blame are either top class mathematicians who have never applied the inverse square law in the outside world or bottom class professionals of the inside world that have never squared an inverse law 

It is said that one should never allow the truth to get in the way of a good story but if it were said that one should never allow a good story to get in the way of a better story the truth of a story would be revealed 

It is better to work with what one has got and can get rather than seek what one has not got and can never get as application directed toward the obtainable will eventually unlock the door to the otherwise unobtainable  

A willing worker without talent does form a much better proposition than an unwilling worker with talent but a worker with the power of thought doth generally possess ability that will far exceed both talent and willingness 

Opportunity at any education institution will only be limited by the number of doors the students are allowed to open  

Because the temptations of the tempters are many and the resisters of the resistance are few temptation will eventually be outnumbered and overwhelmed by temptation itself 

The level of intelligence for an individual human being is entirely determined by the degree of connection that has been established with their endowed conscience 

Intelligence must always be preceded and guided by conscience 

One should always take a backward step before they make a forward leap 

Any fall during an ascent of a stairway will be less severe than a descent fall unless one is ascending backwards which does mean the reason for so many severe life failures can be explained purely by the backward ascent rather than the straight forward climb 

An intelligent woman is best defined and identified as one who does not have a definition for an intelligent man while an intelligent man is best defined and identified as one who does not possess any definition for an intelligent woman which will mean that any woman who does define an intelligent man and any man that does define an intelligent woman shall each be seen as ignorant of both but shall never be viewed as unintelligent of either despite each others own singular respective ignorance

Poetic license shall justify the breaking of grammatical rules but only if the user does know  grammatical rules are being broken and doth possess justification for the poetic usage but if a user does knowingly break grammatical rules without poetic license they are merely justified and lack any and all justification for so doing         

If one has or has had posted on a freely accessible website an extraordinary and definitive full or near full body image of themselves with their preferred known name plus actual birth year and birthplace both city and nation with their fully matured height they have thus become famous regardless of personal achievement or intelligence or wealth of status or class so fame will be entirely dependent upon the reflected light of captured insight

Making something half useless will make it twice as useful but if anything is given double usefulness it shall paradoxically halve its usability at any given instant of time

The hardest bit is always the last bit but only after the first bit has been done so those who think there exist more than the first and last bit of anything will never take a half measure 

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WISE  WORD  WORK  2022

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A square peg will never fit inside a round hole just as a round peg will never fit inside a square hole except where the peg is square at one end and round at the other end so that shall mean for a single something to fit two types of anything it must be two things in one    

The only thing that can possess a life time guarantee would be life itself so it shall follow that something without a life time guarantee must be devoid of life and thereby dead

All women are naturally high maintenance but some are more unnaturally so than others

A trip upon a flight of stairs may occur on the upward ascent or downward descent but any resultant fall will be directed downwards and not upwards so before everything can fall into place a trip must first be made regardless whether it be up or down 

If movement forward or backward is considered better by the advancement or retreat of one step at a time then one should also remember and recall likewise and not make a run 

Those who do think of life as straight forward will simply blame others for their own mistakes

The facts would be loosely defined as the common ground between two or more different opinions but because any singular opinion cannot possibly reflect the reality neither will the common ground 

Those who act by no half measure do not realise that only the first and last half will ever make a whole measure 

Nothing of any worth can be lost as it will invariably be found worthy by another

The destruction of something doth merely mean it has already served its purpose  

The reason for something useful not being used will usually mean somebody thought it useless

The reason for something being under utilised shall probably mean a few like exclusivity but such will never realise it is they themselves who are most likely being excluded 

If one has never come under the attention of the authorities they must try harder

Every place name does generally tell a story and there may be a tale or two that will arise but behind any personal name shall be told many a story bold and brave 

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WISE  WORD  WORK  2023

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Third time lucky and three times shall prove it doth give a definitive power to both a third instance and a third occasion but a singular of such is usually adequate and sufficient for most as a single instance and occasion may be enacted again if a need does arise

If it is reasonably unreasonable to do so it will be done

End times have been with humanity forever as somebody will always create the something to end all that particular something

Electric cars are groovy man but only those cats who are switched on and in tune will dig it 

A questioning mind is far superior to an enquiring mind for the latter will merely ask how the status quo does operate and not question why it should operate 

Everything does make sense if it can be sensed but only the sensible will come to know that sensibility shall lay beyond the making of sense

Beware of what doth lay behind the false smile

The art of time wasting is knowing what time should be wasted

A foregone conclusion is only achieved by exclusion of inclusion

The circle of purple is not the elite heads of state for it doth lay above all heads

Meaning is determined by sequence of order so an order reversal or rearrangement at any point within the sequential order shall not only change the order but will also change the entire meaning 

The modern day social club has become a sophisticated version of the original weapon for it will dull the senses mentally rather than physically but only if allowed to do so 

If one is viewed as 2 in 1 they are really 3 all told but if one is seen as 3 in 1 they will become 3 all up so one can never be any more than 3 all round because 4 or more still does remain 3 collectively which all doth mean one may only be two by virtue of three and that is also applicable to the letters A and B and C for 3 minus 1 doth equal 2 and 4 minus 1 doth equal 2 with C minus A giving B and D minus A giving B which ultimately doth further mean one should both let it B and let it be B2 and that does form the original meaning of the English idiom two is company three is a crowd as 3 may be any number except 1 and 2 which shall give 3 anyway and if extra proof is verbally required of this maxim there will not be found an English number word beyond or outside of once twice thrice for zero is not a number but that does give rise to the story behind the number 40

A plant food eater will live to light another day while a meat food eater shall fight to live the other day 

The ill founded placement of keep out signage upon the outside of a fence is nonsense as nobody can be kept out unless they are first kept in because everything within this realm is inside out instead of right side in and up side down instead of right side up

Wise be the one who doth discern rather than discriminate

A message is best written for the few rather than for a few too many

One should never settle anywhere nor upon anything unless they have first visited 

If one cannot be devilishly persuaded then those who have been will also fail

According to the law of averages only a meanie will say what they mean and mean what they say and if any confirmation of this is required a smart child should be immediately consulted

The world will wither if everybody doth dither so one must either or neither go hither or thither 

The reason everything does possess an underlying pattern of sameness is caused by more creativity and imagination being required for difference so anything different would just not be the same 

Being different does usually attract some unwanted attention but that is better than being unwanted altogether which shall mean one must become different to be thought uniquely desirable because sameness will never make a difference

If somebody does totally depend upon paid employment for income they will not have an outgoing personality as payment is not the only income

One would not be rich if they were given one unit of their national currency nor would one be poor if they were minus one unit of such but that will be so for any amount of money and for anyone which does ultimately mean nobody and nothing shall benefit alone by money that is given or money that is received 

If a statute law has not been enacted against some normal human activity for a regulatory purpose it shall just be a matter of time before there does arise such enactment 

The only difference between desperation and keenness will depend solely and entirely upon how desperate the keen ones can possibly be

Being fatalistic does result in fatally fatal fatalism and those who have become such shall then rationalise that the dominant force in the known universe is fate and this has become so as the fatalist does not realise the fated invariably self position themselves as a fatality

The sum of the parts shall always be greater than the whole because the individual parts will possess wholeness in their own right 

Crossdressers will always be viewed at the forefront of any engendered species

It is not possible that there shall be enough philosophy to sink a battle ship as the battled ship will sink of its own accord 

If a banknote cannot fit inside an average pencil case it is not fit to be such

It is a waste of time asking a head which will be the way ahead as the headway shall always know that ahead of time

A fruitarian vegan will know the difference between which edible fruit can be eaten and what inedible fruit must be avoided

It is handy to have pen and paper on hand but the better option will have such at work in the hand as often as possible despite them both being a handful

It cannot be done but easy does it and nobody can do it like easy

There can be no differentiation between what should happen and what does eventually happen because everything will happen as it should

A lone person cannot be blamed for anything because they will always be subject to the doings of others but that shall ultimately mean that everybody is to blame for everything

Nature doth control awakening whilst arising is under control of the one who has arisen

A person doth arise as a personalisation of personification personally personified 

A person may only be briefly defined as a millionaire between the time they have received a million of their national currency units by paid employment as wages or salary during a given financial year and the end of that particular year after which the process must then be repeated 

A person whose main financial income is sourced by prize money must be considered nothing more than a glorified gambler unless such funds are equally shared amongst all those who do participate in a performance or event or contest

Fortune doth favour those who are impoverished and cannot afford medical and dental treatment as they by default have acquired an ideal foundation for richness in health and personal well being through no fault of their own

If a person does exchange their banknotes and credit for the equivalent in coinage they shall come to know the impracticality and undesirability of personal monetary acquisition and accumulation and possession which will mean one should spend without reservation and rid themselves of their burdensome weight by making lite of money and treating such with the disdain it doth fully deserve 

If money cannot buy happiness it will not be sold upon anything else

The usefulness of the items amongst the trash within a given geographic locality will also determine the uselessness of its population

Although a lesson is learnt with difficulty it will never be easily forgotten 

Once people are in they will quickly realise all they really want is out

The easiest way to update a computer would be deleting the first outdated update but that can only be done after the last update has been updated and become outdated

One should throw everything they can into an endeavour so the enterprise will not sink 

Enough is enough but usually enough is not enough to be enough

Everybody is an accessory after the fact because if that were not so nobody would be born 

All human activity is actively activated towards activation of an acted reactive reaction or action

One will never sink under the weight as they shall do so because of it

Anything with deep meaning will usually be out of a persons depth

Nobody can see the point of anything unless they are first shown because if the point were immediately seen it would ruin the show

Nobody will know until they are told but if told they shall then say they did not know

Undervaluation should never be undervalued nor underestimated

Nobody should become or possess a treasure because such can never be shared

Possession of a treasure doth traverse the dangerous and treacherous path of treason 

One must take an extra step for backward and stop a step short for backwards

Construction doth always arise in the aftermath of destruction

A single issue will divide the whole issue because the whole issue should be seen as the single issue when it is not so seen as the single issue by the whole issue

Life was once simple but that time has now gone by the wayside with the formulation of deionised and demineralised water as a replacement for distilled water pure and simple

One will live if they are aware of space but they shall forever be alive when they become an oblivion of time

The warlord shall determine death as the timelord will determine life

Bots and spiders shall roam the cyber world while the cyber lord doth assign the watch

The one who is master of all shall be the one who does not know how one should know

Riddle me a riddle and I shall riddle the riddle

A time may come when philosophy shall befuddle the philosopher but the stone of the philosophic will be preserved regardless

Something can only be a coincidence if there is an agreement between the two that are concerned otherwise it will be coincidental

If one is off track they will never collide with a tram or train unless the train or tram is also off track

All nations are politically orientated because their road signage will either display keep left or keep right

Opinion is the only thing that can survive being split down the middle

Nothing can be out of sight when it is also out of mind but when something does come to mind it will generally be within sight

The middle path can only take one way traffic otherwise there will be a traffic jam 

A side path cannot be differentiated if two paths run side by side but a third aligned path will not solve the dilemma either as there may only exist one side path which is determined by the other path so it should be apparent that if two paths are aligned a side path will not exist which shall mean only a side step can be taken and such a side step must be one of total avoidance

Philosophy is the only thing for which there can be no image aside from imagination

A philosopher can reduce anything to the reduction it doth deserve for without reduction nothing would fill the emptiness of expansion 

The manifestation of the visible and invisible will always be the philosophic stone which doth serve as the foundation for the universal thought

If someone does not know the day of the week they are not alone as the day of the week will not know either

Immediate dislike or like could be considered a spontaneous impression which may or may not change or last so if one doth neither like nor dislike they are open to impression which can be spontaneous or otherwise 

Those who are trained will possess the backing of many whereas those who are untrained will have no backing but one who and which is not alone

One will be the tongue twister while the other shall be the easy tongue and that should be plain when the word commemorative and commemoration are comparatively compared 

It is better that something be delivered with oomph rather than something which doth pack a punch although some may think that an oomph can only be delivered if the packed punch does first come 

The difference between philosophy and encryption is that one came before the other and the one that did arrive first does not require a key whereas the imposter will need such

As a quick fix will only be a temporary measure another fix must inevitably and invariably follow but if something is not or never fixed initially no quick fix shall follow which doth mean before anything can follow something a fix must either be given or occur otherwise any given occurrence cannot occur or cannot be given

If exception is the rule there can never be anything exceptional except a rule without such

The question of what may only be answered by another and not by the other while the question of why can only be answered by the other and not by another so that will make what and why without question unanswerable by anyone else 

Mockery cannot be mocked but a mocker can be by having the mockers placed upon them which doth really mean only mockery can mock without the mockers

Nobody can take a turn for the worst or better because nobody is neither better or worse than any other nobody

One should outdo their parents before outliving them

If one does not get what they asked for they should not begrudge not getting it because when it is all said and done they asked for it

If something does not fit either make it fit or do not wear it

Having ones finger on the pulse is useless because it will mean they have one less finger for something more useful

Being well located is convenient but life will be a much busier place in its fight to remain conveniently placed

Being well endowed shall attract a fair share of attention and admiration but that will be all it does attract unless the endowment is also used 

A person who does think sacrifice must be made for the greater good will never nominate themself as a candidate for such so that must mean everybody else is considered good while they are revealed as bad or unworthy

While it is possible to be dumber than dumb it would be an impossibility to be smarter than smart otherwise everybody must be plain dumb

Intelligence will occur when one does first listen to themself then secondly listen to others because first hand information is much more reliable than second hand but the second hand intelligence may be better than the first hand so on one hand the first is better than the second while on the other hand the second is better than the first and conversely on one hand the second is worse than the first while on the other hand the first is worse than the second

There is no such thing as a born loser because everybody will be lost upon birth 

Less money does generally mean a corresponding decrease in wasted personal activity 

While the result is dependent upon time the energy taken for the resultant will not be 

Maintenance is a repetition of the same while fine tuning is a version of the same

There is no such thing as a different version because the version is already different so that will mean only another version shall be possible as a form of maintenance in disguise

Going up hill and down dale is better than going up dale and down hill

Up market is the way to be had while down market is the place to be had

Indoctrination is not knowledge but the suppression of it

Wasted effort is used energy while wasted energy is effort used but in either case only the effort will be lost and not the energy

In a physical world one thing will replace another but in an ideal world one thing doth place another

Real leisure is not pleasure but merely a form of naturally pleasurable work

More effort will deplete the physical but it shall enhance the mental

Every aspect of life will possess and contain an allegorical or symbolic component so it then shall become a knowing that matter and finding them matter which doth make everything with matter either that and them but not this and that or us and them because everything does matter

The one thing nobody can know is the circumstance of the other for everybody will be burdened and encumbered by a different and differing circumstance which shall thus be dependent and contingent upon the prevailing circumstances 

There is nothing to know concerning criminal law except that civil law and criminal law are interchangeable which doth mean all enforceable regulatory law is criminal

A story cannot be told more than once otherwise it would become just another story

One should quit when they are behind and try again some other time or some other place

If everybody does behave in accord with the expectation of others they would not have any perceived character flaws and thus could not effectively be seen with any characteristics whatsoever whether such be good or bad or otherwise but without character there can be no humane humanity

It is better to live day by day rather than live pay by pay if only because of the shorter time interval but a life should not be lived as a time interval reoccurrence sequence otherwise no other occurrence shall ever occur

One should out think the situation rather than over think it for any given circumstance will be the gift of the one that indirectly gave

The past can only be revisited and not relived

That can only be identified by asking but a non answer will mean that is it

Just as a spring cannot be such until it is sprung there cannot be a beginning for anything unless and until something has first been sprung

If one is bent beyond return they are broken

In order to avoid a collision one must constantly change their direction

The only overall constant is change however a single constant will remain such until it does encounter a reason for change

Everybody must be considered a nudist as they can never wear anything beneath what they are already wearing

Everything is important by virtue of nothing being unimportant

Education shall not directly lead to enlightenment and neither will anything else

I am all that was and all that is and all there ever will be which does form the pre requisite for a three time loser

The importance of someone with their own mobile phone number will be determined by the number of calls they receive but as their importance doth increase their usefulness shall proportionately decrease

A returnable has no real value unless it is first earned

If one does let a sleeping dog lie they have conceded defeat but the conceded defeat can then never be defeated which in itself is a feat to be reckoned

If someone does instruct another what must be done without invitation they shall merely demonstrate their own creative inability

An unlikeable person only does become such because they hate being ignored
while a hated person shall become such because they ignore the likeable

If one does continually travel in the right direction they will be going in circles

If one is pestered by the police the aid of a pest exterminator should immediately be sought

Possessing a little knowledge is little enough but possession of full knowledge may be enough too much

Splitting a set of things will enhance the value of its individual pieces while assemblage of a set shall diminish the value of such but some people will become dead set upon creating a set despite there only being one key piece

Wisdom will always exist because it can never be wholly used

Being equidistant from two different points of view shall form the only way to equality

A coin collector shall invariably possess more than one coin while a coiner of a word or a phrase will rarely be credited with others despite coining more than one

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WISE  WORD  WORK  2024

.

Each and every day could be considered fine but only if one doth look beyond the cloud

Because it will initially require two people to bring a new human life into the world the blame for the mistake can then be apportioned to each other rather than one or the other

Regardless of what does exist one may only have what is available

While that and what do not carry a name they both must ultimately wear a hat

The pushing of a child by a parent does not stop with the pram or stroller

The most dangerous thing for a human being would be themselves and not themself

While exclusion of the inclusion or inclusion of the exclusion will be the only path way to variation it shall not make a difference to the sameness no matter what is varied but without inclusion or exclusion nothing can be the same

A philosopher is the most hated person in creation which is what doth make philosophy and the philosophical so likeable as they are both the same difference

Holding on could make good sense but holding off can often make better sense

An improvement upon an improvement will usually mean a double disaster while a failure upon a failure shall invariably mean a double save

The only thing which is on the go and not moving would be a traffic light

A human being is the only creature dumb enough to invent something like air conditioning where it is possible for one to freeze to death on a warm day

It would be a waste of time for a human being to time travel as they already know how to waste it without going anywhere

Philosophy will get one everywhere because any claim to the contrary shall be infinitely out numbered

Now that the holidays are over the holiday can begin

Despite extra sleep being affordable for everyone very few can afford the luxury of it

Empty threats make the most sound and not empty vessels for the empty vessel shall be full of threat

One can rest better if they are tired from the effort rather than being tired of the effort

As a pedestrian the average person will spend a life time in the avoidance of other people

A file may only be filed by a file because it can not do so itself

The ones that do not know how to play generally do while the ones that do know how to play generally do not

Everybody is alone in the world despite being in varying company but things do change for the better every time the el is crossed and separated from the one

While the number of possibilities are infinite the duality will be limited by the possibility and not the number

Humanity will constantly be troubled because somebody shall always find something worth the trouble

While exclusion of the inclusion or inclusion of the exclusion will invariably be the only way for variation it shall not make a difference to the sameness no matter what is varied but without inclusion or exclusion nothing can be the same

There is nothing more original than the original and that will include the original copies and replicas of the original

The food chain is the only one with a permanent single link because it incorporates every other one

If one does not constantly change their perspective they will eventually become totally blind

A human being will either use a product or utilise a service at any given time interval and is thereby only half exploited as they shall be supplying either one or the other for the rest of the time

Nothing is either one or the other because everything is both a bit of this and a bit of that so if something is more this than that then it will be called this while if something is more that than this it shall be called that but when more this than that or more that than this cannot be determined it will neither be one or the other however for the sake of simplicity all things are a bit of everything whatever everything is deemed to be at any given instant of time

Any expert will always generate an expertly created problem as the solution to a problem that did not require a solution in the second instance because it was problematic whether any problem ever really existed in the first instance

Most people will always be looking for something rather than actively seeking it

A conflict will only escalate to war if people favour one side over another

Change is the only constant because it is impossible for anything to remain the same which shall then mean anything can be constant as long as it can and does eventually change

An absolute total mistake is no longer such as it has completely become a different thing and this would and does account for the bulk of all creation

One can only save something for another time and not for all time

Everybody is materialistically covered and encumbered and preoccupied most of the time otherwise they would be naked and empty handed and empty headed all of the time

Enlightenment can only be limited by those who think that the speed of light is a constant for all things by nature are variable and ultimately inconsistent

The retail banking system cannot be trusted with a secret otherwise they would not have tellers as part of their operating staff

Occasionally dissenters of authoritarian rule are shot dead while any advocates for such will usually become an election candidate and shoot to insta fame by taking sniping shots at other electoral proponents who also embrace and trumpet authoritarianism

Knowing what knowledge is useful and what knowledge would be useless for any given situation and circumstance does easily exceed the value and power of the knowledge itself

Those who are imposed are generally the first to be deposed

The distance between all-the-wiser and none-the-wiser is infinitely closer than every and any opposite

Two points of view will form the only real opposite while two differing opinions shall share the same perspective but not the same view

While thinking is rational anyone who does think rationally is not rational

The problem with weapon manufacture is that somebody will eventually use the produced weaponry and yet a greater problem shall invariably arise when those which do so utilise them consider such usage justified

While an approaching distance may draw infinitely closer it would not be possible for a leaving distance to draw infinitely further away because anything that is considered left will be destined not to have a destination or a destiny

Perfection is not possible in the first place and likewise for near perfection in the second place because a perfect state can only arise as a possibility that must never be obtained which does ultimately mean second place cannot exist in the first place otherwise nothing in creation would ever become a reality

One must always go to it because such will never come of its own accord

Mathematics is one way for finding things which otherwise would not be found but that could be said of any applied study

Pirates of past times were not all that bad as they generally gave pointers to people on the straight and narrow

The expression – do what I say and say what I do or else – may sound somewhat dictatorial and threatening by the quantifier but at least one does have an option with the qualifier otherwise there would be no clear choice

One cannot possibly be condescending to those who have already condescended

If something does become misplaced and considered lost it will generally not be located until after replacement which shall mean a thing should be relocated before being lost so that misplacement can be avoided

A gift can never be given to the police because they will view it with suspicion and think the whole matter a bribe

The real value of anything can only be determined by the time it last before being replaced and not the limitation of its functional capacity

.

WORD WISE WORK 2025

.

One may have too many possessions if they cannot recall most of that which is possessed

Ones writings are not their own as they cannot remember all of that which has been so written but when such is personally re read then those passages will irrefutably become their personal property once more until it is again forgotten

An arrow is one thing that can never be gravity dependent because its point shall always show direction regardless of such

A walker who is being walked by knowledge should walk away before it walks all over them otherwise they shall be walking forever

One must be crazy to think them self mad and like wise mad to think them self crazy which does ultimately mean sanity shall require both madness and craziness otherwise insanity will prevail

Any person who doth value a dog more than a human being must thereby be considered unfit for human consumption

.

.

An eternal question will pose such but can it be definitively answered ?

.

.

ETERNAL  QUESTION  2015

If a sex partner does use a head ache as a reason for not partaking why will the other sex partner generally assume that their partner either has or has not a head ache and not they themself being the head ache ?

ETERNAL  QUESTION / S 2016

If somebody on a particular day does eat what normally is eaten for both breakfast and lunch at dinner time instead then have they really missed two meals ?

If one is resurrected after death does that mean they have been rejected by both heaven and hell ?

.

ETERNAL  QUESTION  2017

Does the essence of a secret lay in its revelation or in the retainment of the revelation ?

.

ETERNAL  QUESTION  2018

If to err is human and to forgive divine does it automatically follow that divinity would be unforgiving if humanity ceased to err ?

.

ETERNAL  QUESTION / S  2019

If an angle grinder is used for the length reduction of a shotgun’s barrels can the firearm still be called a sawn off shotgun ?

If  above board  is defined as legitimate and honest and open does that make a board meeting and anything within its domain illegitimate and dishonest and secretive ?

If one is cremated after death does that mean they have finally found their niche in life ?

.

ETERNAL  QUESTION / S 2020

If someone is killed in an accident while legally in the right does that mean they are dead right ?

Can an Australian supermarket worker be still employed beyond life expectancy age given that all stock inside such a place is allotted a use by date ?

.

ETERNAL  QUESTION  2021

Does a gluten free food label mean that no monetary charge will be made for the gluten  ?

.

ETERNAL  QUESTION  2022

Can a spook ever be spooked ? 

.

ETERNAL  QUESTION / S 2023

If a mobile phone with internet capability is called smart does that mean the owner or user of such is considered dumb ?  

Does signage worded – no smoking means no vaping – actually permit tobacco smoking ?

.

ETERNAL QUESTION / S 2024

Is it safe for someone to be within earshot of an outdoor public speech ?

Is a Supreme Thing better than a Supreme Being or do they both serve the same purpose ?

Would consecutively hand counting 9 x $100 banknotes constitute the quickest method of reaching nine hundred as a total for a single count ?

Should an unnecessary fixation be removed or be fixed by removal ?

If a person is not wearing a dress does that mean they are undressed ?

Why is it difficult to recognise somebody after an event when they are separated from it ?

If somebody just misses catching a train or a tram or a bus why is that perfect mis timing rarely seen as an achievement by the person concerned ?

If a person does traverse a hill would they then be considered over the hill ?

If a train passenger does seat themselves facing the rear of the carriage when having the forward facing option would they be personally considered backward ?

Can something be truly different if it is derived from the same ?

If something is not for sale does that mean it would be considered priceless or worthless ?

If comprehensive personal knowledge of a subject is declared unbelievable should it be given any serious consideration or credibility ?

If an organisation does warn by posted signage that aggressive customer behaviour will not be tolerated shall it follow that such an organisation is intolerant ?

If somebody is possessed with a creative bent should they be considered truly creative or just plain bent ?

If one does resist all earthly temptation have they then failed as a sinner ?

Is an angel from hell good or bad ?

Given that the colour green would be considered much more environmentally friendly than red should it then be used as the replacement for the stop signal and thereby allow the colour red to be used as the go signal ?

Should a noisy computer be told to shut up or shut down ?

Is a smart phone smarter than a smart watch or are they both equally dumb ?

If one does return some empty soft drink containers for a cash refund voucher but use a prior day voucher for the cash refund payment have they earned any money on the day of the current return ?

If a child must be raised or reared does it subsequently follow that an adult should be lowered and ignored ?

If one does ascend or descend stairs two at a time have they really traversed the entire stair complement after negotiating all of such ?

Who walks who when a dog and a human are walking together ?

.

ETERNAL QUESTION / S 2025

Is a juggler or multi tasker merely someone incapable of performing and completing one task at one time or a person who simply cannot decide which multiple task of a multi ask should be singularly done ?

Is a spy an insider on the outside or an outsider on the inside ?

If someone doth only eat all the content of a potato chip packet without also eating the packet how can they ever claim to have eaten a packet of potato chips ?

Should a married person ever play a game of singles in tennis ?

Which is more highly strung – a guitarist or their guitar ?

.

note  –  if  no  further  question  ever  doth  appear  above  then  which  shall  become the eternal question ?

.

further note - if any eternal question were debated at the highest level the world would become a much safer place

.

but remember  –  as above as below

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WORD  WISE  WHAT ( 289 )

.

no attempt should be made to limit the boundary of what by the question of what is what or what what is or what is not what or what is what not ( for what is all things to all people ) 

.

note the singular respective subject of the Q and A is completely inter / change / able

.

what is an adult
a pretender

what is an extra marital affair
par for the course

what is an algebraic mind
exponentially expansive

what is all knowing and all wise
a contradiction

what is alluvial gold
a flash in the pan

what is an alternate health practitioner
( a ) s / witch doctor

what is animal magnetism
zoology

what is an answered question
a predicament

what is artificial intelligence
an academic

what is an attention seeker
an event organiser

what is authoritarian rule
B D S M

what is a baby
an after thought

what is baby carriage
up in arms

what is backward thinking
a bum steer

what is a bankrupt person
a spent force

what is the prize bare essential
a loin cloth bikini

what is barking up the wrong tree
a dog owner

what is between a rock and a hard place
geology

what is the best answer
no idea

what is beyond history
the future

what is birth
weight disparity

what is bisexuality
double indemnity

what is a bit 
first and last piece

what is a book worm
a low tech computer nerd

what is a born loser
every body and every one

what is Canada 2025
area 51

what is career burn out 
unemployment

what is a cashless person
credit worthy

what is a casino
fish for chips

what is a casual sex partner
a loose screw

what is a cello tape dispenser
a rip off

what is a cemetery 
a dead waste

what is a game of chess
captivating

what is too clever by half
fifty per cent there

what is climate change
newly elected government

what is a climate game changer
the weather

what is ( both ) clockwise and anti clockwise
a spiral stair case

what is a coffee bar  
all froth no bubble

what is a computer
a chip off the old block

what is an essential computer accessory
a computer user

what is a live concert audience 
facing the music

what is a couple
one too many and one too few

what is a court visit
a guilt trip

what is blanket coverage
warm and cosy media

what is saturation coverage
wet and soggy media

what is cremation
a fire sale

what is a cross word puzzle
a clue for the clue less

what is the current joke count
the world population

what is the deadliest weapon
a loaded question

what is a dead mathematician
a genuine statistic

what is a decreasing human population
a grave situation

what is de facto marriage
pet ownership

what is ( both ) definite and indefinite
a supposition

what is a dependent person 
next

what is total destruction
unconstructive

what is a dictator
news worthy but not note worthy

what is digital time
spot matrix

what is ( both ) different and the same
something modified

what is a dim prospect
an underground mine

what is a direct marketing
a wholesale invasion

what is a dispossessed push bike rider
up the road without a pedal

what is divorced from reality 
a married couple

what is a divorced marriage partner
ex still without the sex

what is dodgy
a done deal

what is down to earth
an aero plane landing

what is a dress
the dread of a pick pocket

what is drift wood
life in the slow lane

what is a drifter
a hot air balloon

what is a drinker / smoker / gambler
a losing trifecta

what is a drought
flood mitigation

what is illicit drug usage
an expensive trip

what is an earth quake
a mover and a shaker

what is an elevator rider
upwardly mobile

what is an empty head
space junk

what is an empty oil tanker
a space ship

what is an escalator standee 
a step or two behind the rest

what is eternal
the entirety

what is a fall from grace
a crash landing

what is a farm plough
a mover and a groover

what is high fashion
a raised hem line

what is ( both ) high and low fashion
a plunging neck line

what is life in the fast lane
a cruise missile

what is a fire bug
a carbon liability

what is flashing
a sneak preview

what is flighty
a social butterfly

what is a flipped and tossed coin
head and tails above the rest

what is flotsam and jetsam
a divorced couple

what is a flood
drought relief

what is flying blind
a guided missile

what is a follower
a lost cause

what is universally foreboding
an event horizon

what is ( earthly ) free fall
gravitational levity

what is a fuzz ball
the by product of a tennis w ( h ) acko

what is futility
examination of the first and last bit

what is a garbage truck
a load of rubbish

what is geography
all over the place

what is genetic engineering
bio diversity

what is a genius
all play and no work

what is global governance
a reoccurring temporal glitch in the space time continuum

what is God ‘s gift to women
the besotted male

what is greed
all for one and one for all

what is a hand full  
entirely dependent upon sexual orientation

what is the future of a hang glider pilot
up in the air

what is hard wired
high tech

what is a hedge fund investor
a scatter brain

what is here today gone tomorrow
yesterday

what is a high roller
a mountain cable car

what is high turn over
sleep

what is highly cultured
cheese and yoghurt

what is ( both ) hinged and unhinged
a locked door

what is a holding deposit
a free loan

what is holding one / s own
self explanatory for both sexes

what is holding power
bladder control

what is a holiday
vacation of the vocation

what is a hotel
accommodating

what is homosexuality
a half effort

what is a hot dog 
a silly sausage

what is a hot shower
( D I Y ) physio therapy

what is a human on the hop
a carbon foot print

what is disruptive interference
emergency service intervention

what is an interrogation
a fishing expedition

what is an invisible overtake
a past thought

what is a judgement call
an uneducated guess

what is a knife attack at night
a stab in the dark

what is a knife slash
clear cut

what is labour intensive
child birth

what is ( always ) the last resort
the truth

what is a leisure place
the outside world

what is life
enactment of the uncertainty principle

what is a life prisoner
every one and every body

what is a litter bug
employer of a cleaner

what is living on the edge
a cliff hanger

what is a loaf of bread 
a powder puff

what is a locked public toilet
piss poor service

what is a lone fish
a drop out

what is ( always ) lost
a passing thought

what is love
chemistry before physics

what is a mad hatter
a workaholic

what is a marital domestic dispute 
a demolition derby

what is marriage
a double fault

what is mass production
the same old thing

what is maturity
x rated and over rated

what is the meat between the sandwich
bread contaminant

what is media news
hear say

what is a mess
chaos theory

what is military intelligence
a deserter

what is mind boggling
senile decay

what is missed opportunity
a hard luck story 

what is money
a weapon of mass distraction

what is a motor mouth
all revved up and travelling nowhere

what is a mountain climber
horizontally challenged but vertically equipped

what is a name
your call

what is never right
something left

what is new age
om ( mmmmm ) in ( o ) us

what is a new born baby
a sucker

what is a new lease of life
sex without the ex

what is a newly released prisoner
a criminology graduate

what is a nomination
a singular double issue

what is not all there
a particle physicist

what is a nuclear protester
a free radical

what is nude photography
a raw deal

what is nudity
stark reality

what is numismatics
demonetised ( value subtracted ) inflation

what is the occult
hero worship

what is an oddity
that

what is a one night stand
a fly by nighter

what is the only certainty
uncertainty

what is organic food
a carbon credit

what is organised charity
a down beat mission beat

what is orgasmic sex
a sticky situation

what is original sin
a cover up

what is ornamental functionality
a public telephone

what is out of mind out of sight
a space alien

what is a pair of sneakers
dis / quiet / ing

what is parenthood 
dictatorship

what is parliament
open conspiracy

what is past present future
the future present past

what is the perfect crime
character assassination

what is personal liquidity
diarrhea

what is physical disability
mental impairment

what is pie in the sky
a mission statement

what is play school
business and government

what is a police force
organised crime

what is a police sting operation
a raid upon a swarm of bees

what is policy
an obstacle that must be overcome

what is prison
no frills no thrills

what is prioritisation 
discrimination

what is the purpose of life
damage control

what is paid employment
habit forming

what is pen pushing
uncreative writing

what is the permanent work place
a habit ( at )

what is a questionable parasite
a quiz show host

what is a queue
one way traffic

what is a razor blade
cutting edge technology

what is a red hot deal
a volcanic lava flow

what is a highly productive relationship
biology before geology

what is a rock solid relationship
geology before biology

what is a relay race
a circuit breaker

what is religion
domination by denomination

what is ( someone with ) retentive memory
a pain

what is a riddle
no joke

what is the road ( both ) more and less travelled
a dead end

what is road rage
a drive by mouth shoot

what is rocket science
a hard nut to crack

what is a rolling strike
a ten pin bowl

what is a roof over one / s head
sun block

what is sacrilege
veneration of the useless

what is a sausage sizzle 
kinky

what is science
conspiracy theory

what is ( both ) seen and unseen 
something missing

what is serious texting
all thumbs

what is sex
physics before chemistry

what is sex before marriage
the real thing

what is sex education
all talk no action

what is shaken but not stirred
a crash victim survivor

what is a short term prisoner
a tourist

what is ( both ) sinkable and unsinkable
bathroom / laundry / kitchen

what is slippery when wet
the birth canal

what is slow moving
continental drift

what is smart phone play
digi digi doo

what is smooth sailing
be / calmed

what is a socialite
a party animal

what is a solar panel
a degenerate

what is the solution
another problem

what is a sore loser
a serious contender 

what is sour grapes
a bad w ( h ) ine

what is a space rocket launch
exhausting

what is a speech 
verbal diarrhea

what is a resounding speedster
a hyper sonic missile

what is a spin doctor
a bull artist

what is a spin out
a wobbly top

what is spirituality
stirred but not shaken

what is verbal sport
political point scoring

what is a screen star
a walking smart phone user

what is still life
a poser

what is a straight flush  
a row of toilet cubicles

what is strip tease
a hard act to follow  

what is a student body 
a class act

what is a suicide death 
a queue jumper  

what is a super hero 
a costume model           

what is supply and demand
I demand and you supply

what is a support group  
psycho therapy

what is a surplus
junk    

what is SWAT operational activity 
fly and mosquito reduction

what is a tattooed person
an artefact

what is technology
bio divergency

what is a tennis match
love at first sight 

what is a tennis racquet
applied string theory

what is thought
strenuous inactivity

what is a thunder clap
hands free

what is a trail blazer
a pedestrian without a foot path

what is a downward travelator user 
on the decline

what is a TV baked dinner
a couch potato

what is a 24 pack of toilet paper
a shit load

what is a trend setter
a fad fanatic

what is a twice deserted landlord
a two time loser 

what is a twice removed tenant 
a double adaptor 

what is the ultimate ploy
honesty

what is an unanswered question 
a statement

what is unbalanced
anything outside the inside of an adaptive ratio

what is an under aged child
a free loader

what is under handed
clock face time

what is unevolved and undeveloped
originality

what is a U F O
Unified Field Object ( of the airy fairy )

what is unwettable
water

what is uplifting
an aero plane take off

what is the upper hand
role reversal

what is an uprooted tree
dead wood

what is the USA 2025
a trumpozium ( opposite of a symposium )

what is useless livestock
dead meat

what is a vampire
a one hit parasite

what is the view from a submersible submarine
breath taking

what is a visa and passport
a tourist trap

what is a voluptuous woman
a fat lot of good

what is a keen walker
tread bare

what is wave theory
a distant hello or goodbye

what is a most desirable weapon
the sex bomb

what is a formidable weapon
the blonde bomb shell

what is weaponization
a double edged sword

what is a failed weather forecast
a predictable non event

what is weekly garbage
a TV program guide

what is a west field ratio
6 to 1 ( in Australia )

what is a whole
the middle piece

what is wicker ( wicca ) work
a basket case

what is wisdom
examination of the entirety

what is the pristine natural world
an environmental disaster

what is a worry
somebody without one

what is worship
blind faith

what is a zig zag
twice three in one

.    

THE FURTHER WORLD OF FOUNDATION WORDLINESS  

.

using established base word forms to examine and highlight word relationships through various word listings and groupings should provide a fun & rewarding language learning experience for both native  English  speakers and speakers of other languages

.

A  SELECTIVE  HOMOPHONE  LISTING

.

HOMOPHONE  –  a word with the same pronunciation but a different spelling and meaning

.

HOMOPHONE   TRIPLET  LIST

.

ate                                  past tense of eat
eight                              one of the nine single digits
ait                                   a small island in a river

bar                                  a long rod
barre                              horizontal dance exercise rail
bah                                 exclamation of contempt

bel                                   a unit measure of sound intensity
bell                                  hollow metallic flared cup shape instrument producing ringing sounds
belle                               a beautiful women

bite                                 cut with teeth
byte                                unit of computer storage
bight                              inward shoreline curve

boar                               a male pig
boor                               a dull person
bore                               make a round hole by rotation

bowl                               deliver a ball in a certain way
bole                                stem or trunk of a tree
boll                                 rounded seed capsule of plants such as cotton or flax

brut                                unsweetened
brute                             a violet person or animal
bruit                              a report or rumour ( archaic )

by                                    near
bye                                 omitted sporting match
buy                                 purchase

carrot                            a tapering orange coloured root vegetable
caret                              a mark placed below the line to indicate a proposed insertion in a text
carat                              a measure of the purity of gold and precious stones

cast                                 something thrown forcefully in a specific direction
caste                              Hindu hereditary social grouping
karst                               cavity ridden limestone region

cent                                currency unit of many countries
sent                                past tense of send
scent                              a distinctive smell

clue                                 an indication
clew                                the lower corner of a sail
clou                                chief attraction

coin                                shaped and stamped metal currency
coign                              a favourable action position
quoin                             an external angle of a building

coolie                            an unskilled native labourer
coulee                           a short flow of viscous lava
coulis                             a thin fruit or vegetable puree used as a sauce

core                                the central or integral part of a greater whole
corps                              a main subdivision of an army in the field
caw                                 the harsh cry of a rook or crow or similar bird

devisor                          a person who leaves something to someone by the terms of a will
deviser                          someone who contrives a plan
divisor                           a number that divides into another without a remainder

doe                                  a female deer
dough                            moist mixture of flour for baking
doh                                 1st  &  8th note of a major scale  /  the note C

erne                                 a sea eagle  –  poetic
earn                                 obtaining wages from labour
urn                                   a tall rounded vase with  stem and base

fane                                 a temple or shine
feign                                pretend to be affected by a feeling or state or injury
fain                                  pleased or willing under the circumstances  –  archaic

fote                                 personal characteristic of ability
fort                                 a reinforced enclosure
fought                           past tense of fight

four                                 one of the nine single numerals
for                                    support or favour towards something
fore                                 situated or placed in front

hay                                  mowed and dried grass used as fodder
hey                                  exclamation of attention , surprise , interest , annoyance , agreement
heigh                              exclamation of encouragement or enquiry  –  archaic

high                                upward extent
hi                                     greeting
hie                                   quickly

home                             the place where one permanently resides
holm                              an islet in a river or near a mainland
hom                               the juice of the soma plant as a sacred drink of the Parsees

I                                        self
eye                                  biological organ for vision
aye                                  affirmation by voice  –  archaic

knew                              past tense of know
new                                produced or introduced or discovered recently
nu                                  the thirteenth letter of the Greek alphabet

kohl                               a black powder used as an eye cosmetic
coal                               a combustible rock of carbonised plant matter
cole                               a brassica genus plant especially cabbage or kale or rape

manna                          heaven sent Biblical food
manor                          main estate house
manner                        a particular way

marque                        a make of car as distinct from a specific model
marc                              the refuse of grapes that have been pressed for wine making
mark                              a small surface area having a different colour from its surroundings

mat                                a small rug
matt                               a dull and flat colour or surface without shine or gloss
matte                             impurity of a sulphide ore smelt

meat                              the flesh of an animal for food
meet                              arrive in the presence of others
mete                              dispense a punishment or harsh treatment

miner                             a person who works in a mine
minor                             lesser in importance or seriousness or significance
mynah                           an Australasian starling with dark plumage & gregarious behaviour

pair                                a couple
pear                               a fruit
pare                               peel

paten                            a plate used for holding the bread during the Eucharist
patten                           a shoe or clog with a raised sole or set on an iron ring
pattern                         a regular and intelligible form or sequence

peak                              at the highest level
peek                              look quickly or furtively
pique                            arouse interest or curiosity

pouf                              dress with a large mass of gathered material which protrudes outward
poof                              an effeminate or homosexual man
pouffe                          a cushioned footstool or low seat with no back

queue                           an awaiting line or sequence of people or vehicles  
cue                                 a prompt or signal for action
kyu                                 A  low grading level in judo and karate and other martial arts

rain                                liquid precipitation
rein                                guiding strap for a horse
reign                             period of monarchical rule

rho                                17th Greek letter
row                                propel a boat with oars
roe                                 spawn of the female fish

soar                              glide at a height
sore                              a painful wound
saw                               past tense of see

seal                               a fish eating aquatic mammal with feet developed as flippers
seel                               close someone’s eyes to prevent vision  –  archaic
ceil                                line or plaster the roof usually of a building  –  archaic

sear                               burn or scorch with a sudden intense heat
cere                               a waxy fleshy covering at the base of the upper beak in some birds
sere                               a natural succession of plant or animal communities

semen                          the male reproductive fluid which contains spermatozoa in suspension
seaman                       a person who works as a sailor especially one below the rank of officer
seamen                       plural and singular for those who form part of an oceanic sea vessel crew

sensor                         a detection device which measures and records a physical property
censor                         an official who suppresses distribution of written and visual material
censer                         a container in which incense is burnt during a religious ceremony

sign                              something indicating the current situation and what may happen
sine                              the trigonometric function concerning a right angled triangle
syne                             ago  –  as per the Scottish song Auld Lang Syne

sight                             the faculty or power of physical vision in a human or animal
site                                area of ground upon which something is placed or an action occurs
cite                                referring to the written works of others in upholding a line of argument

so                                  indicate manner
sow                              scatter seed
sew                              needle thread work

son                               a boy or man in relation to either or both of his parents
sun                               the central body of any solar system
sunn                            a fibre similar to hemp  –  Southern Asia

steel                            a hard strong grey or bluish grey alloy of mainly iron with some carbon
steal                            take personal property without permission and intention of return
stele                            the central core of the stem and root of a vascular plant

tael                              a weight used in China and East Asia
tail                               the flexible backbone extension of animal vertebrate
tale                              a story of doubtful authenticity portrayed as true  –  archaic

tea                               a hot drink made by infusing dried crushed leaves in boiling water
tee                               a cleared space at the beginning of each golf course hole
ti                                  the seventh note of a major scale / the note B

to                                 indication of direction
too                               excess
two                              one of the nine single digits

tore                              past tense of tear
taw                               a large marble
tor                                an exposed and rounded weathered rock

tort                              a non contractual infringement of a right leading to legal liability
taut                             stretched or pulled tight
taught                        past tense of teach

tun                               a large beer or wine cask
ton                               an imperial unit of weight measure
tonne                          a metric unit of weight measure

turn                             move in a circular direction wholly or partly round an axis or point
tern                              a small slender seabird with long pointed wings and a forked tail
terne                           lead alloy containing about 20 per cent tin and often some antimony

vail                               remove or lower the hat as a token of respect or submission  –  archaic
vale                              a valley  –  poetic
veil                               a piece of fine material worn by women to protect or conceal the face

vain                              one portraying a high opinion of their appearance or ability or worth
vane                             the broad blade of a windmill or propeller or turbine or similar device
vein                              larger circulatory tubes of the body carrying oxygen depleted blood

ware                             a manufactured articles of a specified type
wear                             have something on the body as clothing or decoration or protection
where                           in or to what place or position or direction or situation or condition

whale                          a very large marine mammal with a blowhole and horizontal tail fin
wale                             a horizontal wooden strip fitted to a boat side for strengthening
wail                              a prolonged high pitched cry of pain or grief or anger

whether                      choice of alternatives
weather                      present climate
wether                         a castrated ram

whore                           female prostitute
hoar                              gray with age
haw                               red fruit of the hawthorn

.

HOMOPHONE   QUADRUPLET   LIST

.

awe                             fearful admiration
oar                               a fixed boat paddle
ore                               metal bearing rock
or                                  alternative

lee                                the wind sheltered side of a hill or mountain
lea                                an open area of grassy or arable land
ley                                a straight line connecting nodes of earth energy
li                                    a unit of Chinese distance measure

more                            greater
moor                            tract of open wasteland
maw                             the mouth and throat and gullet area of an animal
mor                              humus formed under acid conditions

poor                             impoverished
pore                             minute opening
pour                             falling flow
paw                              clawed animal foot

you                               the other person
yew                              evergreen coniferous tree
ewe                              a female sheep
yu                                  aboriginal shelter or windbreak

weigh                           measure of bulk
whey                            liquid from curd
way                               manner or path
wey                               old unit of weight measure

wright                          a maker or builder  –  archaic
write                             mark words on a surface with a marking implement
right                              what is generally acceptable
rite                                 a solemn ceremony or act

.

HOMOPHONE   QUINTUPLET   LIST

.

air                                 the invisible gaseous substance surrounding the earth
heir                              one who may obtain an inheritance
ere                                before in time  –  archaic  
ayre                             a ridge of sand or gravel formed by the sea
eyre                             a circuit court once held in medieval England

pa                                 father  –  informal
pah                              expression of disgust or contempt
par                               equal in importance or quality
pas                               a dance step in classical ballet
parr                              a young salmon or trout between the stages of fry and smolt

.

A  CONCISE  HETERONYM  LIST   

.

HETERONYM  –  a word spelt the same with a different pronunciation and meaning

.

ate                          past tense of eat  /  a Filipino elder sister

agape                    open with wonder  /  Christian fellowship

agora                      a public market place of ancient Greece  /  currency unit of Israel

alternate               occur in turn repeatedly  /  every other time

appropriate         suitable for a particular situation  /  take possession without consent

attribute                credited cause  /  a characteristic or inherent quality

bass                         a freshwater fish  /  the lowest adult male singing voice

boule                       the metal ball used in a French game of bowls  /  Greek legislative body

bow                          a form of greeting  /  a type of knot

buffet                      a self served meal consisting of several dishes  /  a blow

chela                       a crab claw  /  follower and pupil of a guru

close                        end  /  near

combine                  join or include  /  a combine harvester

commune               living independently from the state  /  converse

compact                   closely arranged  /  an agreement

conduct                    the manner of behaviour  /  guide or organise or direct

console                      a control panel  /  comfort

content                       contained items  /  satisfied

contract                      a legally binding agreement  /  decrease by size or number or range

converse                    opposite  /  talk

couch                           lounge furniture  /  a lawn grass

covert                           a thicket that can hide game  /  not openly acknowledged or displayed )

curate                           assistant of a parish priest  /  preserve

deliberate                   long and careful consideration  /  an act intentionally done

digest                           compilation of existing written material  /  absorb nutrients from food

desert                          arid land area  /  abandon

entrain                        carriage of flowing particles  /  enthusiasm or animation

entrance                     inward transverse  /  instill delight

excise                           duty or tax  /  remove

excuse                         an explanation of a fault  /  forgiveness of an indiscretion

fils                                 currency of Iraq  Bahrain  Jordan  Kuwait  Yemen  /  surname addition

flageolet                     a small flute  /  French kidney bean

forte                             personal characteristic of ability  /  musical term for performed loudly

gibber                         rounded desert stone  /  chatter unintelligibly

gill                                aquatic respiratory organ  /  unit of liquid measure

incense                       enrage  /  sweet smelling burnt substance

intern                          trainee doctor  /  residential restriction

intimate                     hint  /  close relationship

invalid                        infirm person  /  not correct

lead                            metal  /  guide

live                              present  /  exist

mare                           female equine animal  /  dark flat areas on the moon

maroon                      isolate on an a coastline or island  /  dark reddish colour

mere                           basic  /  Maori war club

minute                       very small  /  unit of time

moderate                  average intensity  /  make less extreme

mole                            a trusted deeply embedded spy  / a highly spiced Mexican sauce 

none                          not any  /  ninth canonical hour of prayer held at 3 pm

nun                              member of  female religious order /  14th letter of the Hebrew alphabet

object                         formally complain  /  a thing

pension                      social security payment  /  cheap French boarding house

perfect                        possessing all elements  /  make something free of defect

permit                         officially allow  /  a deep bodied fish of the jack family

present                       existing  /  gift

produce                      manufacture from raw material  /  the natural products of agriculture

project                         an planned enterprise with a specific aim /  extent outward

read                              decipher  /  gain by reading

refuse                           rubbish  /  decline an offer

separate                      individual  /  splitting into self functioning parts

slough                         a sporadically filled water channel  /  shedding of skin

sow                               planting seed  /  an adult female pig

subject                         target of attention  /  direct the unpleasant upon the reluctant

tear                                rip  /  secretions of crying

ton                                 a unit of imperial weight measure  /  fashionable style or distinction

rouse                            awaken  /  scold

row                                propel a boat by oars  /  dispute

vale                               a valley  /  farewell  –  archaic

wind                             moving air  /  twirl

won                              past tense of win  /  the basic monetary unit of North and South Korea

wound                         injury  /  turn

.

A  CONCISE  PALINDROME  LIST  /  4 letter plus words only

.

PALINDROME  –  a word spelt the same both foreward and backward

.

acca                      a gold and silk brocade of medieval origin

anna                     a former currency unit of India and Pakistan

boob                     a female breast

civic                       concerning the administration of a town or city

deed                      a notable feat or accomplishment / a legal document

kayak                    an enclosed canoe propelled by a double bladed paddle

kook                     an eccentric person

level                      a position in a hierarchy / placed horizontally

madam               a woman who manages a brothel

noon                     midday

peep                     a brief glance through a small opening

poop                     the after most and highest deck of a ship / excrement

radar                     an electronic apparatus for detecting large distant objects

refer                      allude

rotor                      a hub with a number of radiating blades

tenet                      a principal belief in religion or philosophy

toot                        a short sharp sound made by a horn or wood wind instrument

.

A  CONCISE  PALINFORM  LIST  /  4 plus letter words only

.

PALINFORM  –  a different word derived from the backward spelling of a word

.

avid / diva

bonk / knob

deem / meed

deer / reed

dial / laid

evil / live

golf / flog

gulp / plug

keel / leek

keep / peek

lever / revel

liar / rail

mood / doom

part / trap

pool / loop

rang / gnar

reel / leer

room / moor

tang / gnat

tide / edit

time / emit

tool / loot

tram / mart

trot / tort

ward / draw

wolf / flow

yard / dray

.

A  SELECTIVE  PALINFILE  LISTING  /  5 plus letter words only    

.

PALINFILE  –  a word that will form another word when its first letter is removed
or other words when each subsequent first letter is removed but does not form
another word if any single letter is added as an attempted first word letter

.

PALINFILE  SINGLE  LIST   –  the 2nd word is derived from the palinfile  

.

acorn  /  corn

acute  /  cute

alien  /  lien

apathetic  /  pathetic

asteroid  /  steroid

atoll  /  toll

avenue  /  venue

avoid  /  void

blame  /  lame

blast  /  last

bleach  /  leach

bleak  /  leak

bless  /  less

blouse  /  louse

blubber  /  lubber

booze  /  ooze

border  /  order

branch  /  ranch

bring  /  ring

brisk  /  risk

chaste  /  haste

check  /  heck

cleft  /  left

climb  /  limb

close  /  lose

cripple  /  ripple

dapple  /  apple

dawning  /  awning

dearth  /  earth

delectable  /  electable

devil  /  evil

dinner  /  inner

driver  /  river

dwelt  /  welt

emerge  /  merge

emigrant  /  migrant

emotion  /  motion

espouse  /  spouse

estrange  /  strange

every  /  very

event  /  vent

faction  /  action

factor  /  actor

factual  /  actual

fleer  /  leer

flong  /  long

frigid  /  rigid

gambit   /  ambit

gastronomy  /  astronomy

ghost  /  host

glaze  /  laze

glance  /  lance

globe  /  lobe

gnome  /  nome

groan  /  roan

grope  /  rope

gruff   /  ruff

ideal  /  deal

klutz  /  lutz

ladder  /  adder

lament  /  ament

lawful  /  awful

loath  /  oath

member  /  ember

neither  /  either

olive  /  live

omission  /  mission

ovary  /  vary

parable  /  arable

particle  /  article

particular  /  articular

phone  /  hone

plane  /  lane

platitude  /  latitude

plead  /  lead

plunge  /  lunge

pounce  /  ounce

prattle  /  rattle

present  /  resent

preserve  /  reserve

president  /  resident

presume  /  resume

probe  /  robe

proof  /  roof

rankle  /  ankle

reject  /  eject

regret  /  egret

relation  /  elation

remit  /  emit

sample  /  ample

scamp  /  camp

scoop  /  coop

scope  /  cope

screw  /  crew

scull  /  cull

select  /  elect

seven  /  even

shack  /  hack

shalt  /  halt

sharp  /  harp

shave  /  have

sheath  /  heath

shell  /  hell

shock  /  hock

shoot  /  hoot

shunt  /  hunt

simply  /  imply

skill  /  kill

slather  /  lather

slavish  /  lavish

sleek  /  leek

sliver  /  liver

sloop  /  loop

smelt  /  melt

smile  /  mile

smite  /  mite

smoke  /  moke

snail  /  nail

snook  /  nook

sought  /  ought

spank  /  pank

spawn  /  pawn

speak  /  peak

speck  /  peck

spelt  /  pelt

sperm  /  perm

spike  /  pike

sprint  /  print

spoke  /  poke

spool  /  pool

spoon  /  poon

spoor  /  poor

spunk  /  punk

squail  /  quail

squash  /  quash

squid  /  quid

squill  /  quill

squire  /  quire

squirt  /  quirt

squit  /  quit

squiz  /  quiz

stake  /  take

stalk  /  talk

steam  /  team

stent  /  tent

stiff  /  tiff

stilt  /  tilt

stint  /  tint

stool  /  tool

stress  /  tress

stuff  /  tuff

stumble  /  tumble

swain  /  wain

swank  /  wank

sward  /  ward

swelter  /  welter

swing  /  wing

swish  /  wish

sword  /  word

thatch  /  hatch

their  /  heir

thigh  /  high

thorn  /  horn

tread  /  read

trifle  /  rifle

trigger  /  rigger

trite  /  rite

trouble  /  rouble

truffle  /  ruffle

tweak  /  weak

tweed  /  weed

twist  /  wist

valley  /  alley

vindicate  /  indicate

vomit  /  omit

welder  /  elder

whang  /  hang

whelp  /  help

whence  /  hence

whither  /  hither

whoop  /  hoop

women  /  omen

.

PALINFILE  DOUBLE  LIST  –  the 2nd & 3rd words are derived from the palinfile

.

abate  /  bate  /  ate

abide  /  bide  /  ide

ablaze  /  blaze  /  laze

ablush  /  blush  /  lush

abode  /  bode  /  ode

abort  /  bort  /  ort

about  /  bout  /  out

abridge  /  bridge  /  ridge

abroad  /  broad  /  road

adrift  /  drift  /  rift

afire  /  fire  /  ire

aflame  /  flame  /  lame

afore  /  fore  /  ore

agape  /  gape  /  ape

agate  /  gate  /  ate

agreed  /  greed  /  reed

amass  /  mass  /  ass

amend  /  mend  /  end

amice  /  mice  /  ice

amoral  /  moral  /  oral

amuse  /  muse  /  use

anode  /  node  /  ode

apart  /  part  /  art

asquint  /  squint  /  quint

astern  /  stern  /  tern

asunder  /  sunder  /  under

avail  /  vail  /  ail

avaunt  /  vaunt  /  aunt

avouch  /  vouch  /  ouch

await  /  wait  /  ait

aware  /  ware  /  are

blend  /  lend  /  end

blimp  /  limp  /  imp

bramble  /  ramble  /  amble

chair  /  hair  /  air

charm  /  harm  /  arm

clever  /  lever  /  ever

crusher  /  rusher  /  usher

email  /  mail  /  ail

famine  /  amine  /  mine

futile  /  utile  /  tile

grasp  /  rasp  /  asp

ozone  /  zone  /  one

place  /  lace  /  ace

please  /  lease  /  ease

restate  /  estate  /  state

scare  /  care  /  are

score  /  core  /  ore

scowl  /  cowl  /  owl

scream  /  cream  /  ream

shale  /  hale  /  ale

shall  /  hall  /  all

share  /  hare  /  are

shark  /  hark  /  ark

shear  /  hear  /  ear

shire  /  hire  /  ire

slice  /  lice  /  ice

small  /  mall  /  all

smash  /  mash  /  ash

smirk  /  mirk  /  irk

space  /  pace  /  ace

spark  /  park  /  ark

spare  /  pare  /  are

spate  /  pate  /  ate

spear  /  pear  /  ear

spill  /  pill  /  ill

splatter  /  platter  /  latter

spore  /  pore  /  ore

sport  /  port  /  ort

spout  /  pout  /  out

sprang  /  prang  /  rang

spray  /  pray  /  ray

sprig  /  prig  /  rig

sputter  /  putter  /  utter

stable  /  table  /  able

stale  /  tale  /  ale

stall  /  tall  /  all

start  /  tart  /  art

stick  /  tick  /  ick

still  /  till  /  ill

stinker  /  tinker  /  inker

store  /  tore  /  ore

strain  /  train  /  rain

strap  /  trap  /  rap

strip  /  trip  /  rip

struck  /  truck  /  ruck

swallow  /  wallow  /  allow

swarm  /  warm  /  arm

sweep  /  weep  /  eep

swipe  /  wipe  /  ipe

usage  /  sage  /  age

wheel  /  heel  /  eel

whelm  /  helm  /  elm

.

PALINFILE  TRIPLE  LIST   –  the 2nd & 3rd & 4th words are derived from the palinfile

.

asleep  /  sleep  /  leep  /  eep

astray  /  stray  /  tray  /  ray

pirate  /  irate  /  rate  /  ate

plaid  /  laid  /  aid  /  id

relapse  /  elapse  /  lapse  /  aspe

scram  /  cram  /  ram  /  am

splash  /  plash  /  lash  /  ash

stripe  /  tripe  /  ripe  /  ipe

.

PALINFILE  QUADUPLE  LIST   –  the 2nd & 3rd & 4th & 5th words derive from the palinfile

.

abloom  /  bloom  /  loom  /  oom  /  om

escape  /  scape  /  cape  /  ape  /  pe

prelate  /  relate  /  elate  /  late  /  ate

.

A  SELECTIVE  PALINFLOW  LISTING  /  5 plus letter words only

.

PALINFLOW  –  a palinfile where another letter or letters can be substituted for the initial  removed letter to make a different word which will still produce the same new word or words of the original palinfile

.

PALINFLOW  SINGLE  LIST   –  the 2nd word is derived from the palinflow

.

aitch (  b , d , f , h , p  )  /  itch

alack (  b , c , f , s  )  /  lack

alight (  b , f , p , s  )  /  light

aloud ( c )  /  loud

bable (  c , f , g , s , t  )  /  able

ballow (  c , f , m , s , t , w  )  /  allow

bally (  d , p , r , s , t , w  )  /  ally

balter (  f , h , p , s  )  /  alter

bangle (  d , f , g , j , m , t , w  )  /  angle

barrow (  f , h , m , n , y  )  /  arrow

beach (  p , t  )  /  each

beast (  f , l , y  )  /  east

blank (  c , f , p , s  )  /  lank

blitter (  c , f , g , s  )  /  litter

bling (  c , f , s  )  /  ling

block (  c , f , s  )  /  lock

blower (  f , g , p , s  )  /  lower

blush (  f , p , s  )  /  lush

boast (  c , r , t  )  /  oast

bolder (  c , f , h , p , s  )  /  older

boral (  c , l , s  )  /  oral

bother ( m )  /  other

brack (  c , d , f , t  )  /  rack

brain (  d , g , t  )  /  rain

braise ( p )  /  raise

brake (  c , d  )  /  rake

bread (  d , t  )  /  read

bream (  c , d  )  /  ream

breed (  c , d , f , p , t  )  /  reed

bright (  f , w  )  /  right

bring ( w )  /  ring

brock (  c , f   )  /  rock

brook ( c )  /  rook

brunt ( g )  /  runt

brush ( c )  /  rush

butter (  c , g , m , n , p , r  )  /  utter

cease (  p , t  )  /  ease

chook ( s )  /  hook

chose (  t , w  )  /  hose

cinch (  d , f , p , w  )  /  inch

clave ( s )  /  lave

clean ( g )  /  lean

clime (  g , s  )  /  lime

clint (  f , g  )  /  lint

clove ( g , s )  /  love

cluck ( p )  /  luck

clump (  p , f , g , p , s  )  /  lump

clung (  f , s  )  /  lung

cocker (  d , l , m , r  )  /  ocker

cotter  (  h , j , p , r , t  )  /  otter

couch (  p , t   )  /  ouch

coven ( w )  /  oven

cover  (  h , l , r  )  /  over

cramp ( t )  /  ramp

crank (  d , f , p  )  /  rank

crude (  d , p  )  /  rude

crumble ( g )  /  rumble

crump (  f , g , t  )  /  rump

cupper ( s )  /  upper

crust ( t )  /  rust

danger (  g , h , m , r  )  /  anger

daunt (  h , g , t  )  /  aunt

deave (  h , l , r , w  )  /  eave

droll ( t )  /  roll

drove (  g , p , t  )  /  rove

elute ( f )  /  lute

faddle (  p , s , w  )  /  addle

balter (  f , h  )  /  alter

fester (  j , n , p , t  )  /  ester

fetch (  k , r , v  )  /  etch

fever (  l , n , s  )

flake ( s )  /  lake

floss ( g )  /  loss

gamble (  h , w  )  /  amble

golden ( h )  /  olden

grange ( o )  /  range

gripe ( t )  /  ripe

gusher (  p , r  )  /  usher

hedge (  k , l , s , w  )  /  edge

height ( w )  /  eight

larch (  m , p  )  /  arch

learn ( y )  /  earn

nether (  t , w )  /  ether

opine ( s )  /  pine

purge ( s )  /  urge

swain ( t )  /  wain

swine ( t )  /  wine

swirl ( t )  /  wirl

.

PALINFLOW  DOUBLE  LIST  –  the 2nd & 3rd words are derived from the palinflow

.

aland (  b , e , g  )  /  land  /  and

alate (  b , p , s )  /  late  /  ate

alone ( c )  /  lone  /  one

atone ( s )  /  tone  /  one

awash ( s )  /  wash  /  ash

bland (  e , g  )  /  land  /  and

blash (  c , f , s  )  /  lash  /  ash

bleach (  f , p  )  /  leach  /  each

blink (  c , p , s  )  /  link  /  ink

brace (  g , t  )  /  race  /  ace

brail (  d , f , g , t  )  /  rail  /  ail

brant ( d , g )  /  rant  /  ant

brash (  c , t  )  /  rash  /  ash

brave (  c , g  )  /  rave  /  ave

breach ( p )  /  reach  /  each

bride ( p )  /  ride  /  ide

brill (  d , f , g , k , p , t  )  /  rill  /  ill

brink (  c , d , p , t  )  /  rink  /  ink

challow ( s )  /  hallow  /  allow

chart ( s )  /  hart  /  art

chick ( t )  /  hick  /  ick

chill (  s , t  )  /  hill  /  ill

class ( g )  /  lass  /  ass

click (  f , s  )  /  lick  /  ick

clout (  f , g  )  /  lout  /  out

clumber (  p , s  )   /  lumber  /  umber

craft (  d , g , k  )  /  raft  /  aft

crate (  f , g  , p  )  /  rate  /  ate

drape (  g , t  )  /  rape  /  ape

dwell ( s )  /  well  /  ell

fledge (  p , s  )  /  ledge  /  edge

gravel ( t )  /  ravel  /  avel

grice (  p , t  )  /  rice  /  ice

swaddle ( t )  /  waddle  /  addle

swale ( d )  /  wale  /  ale

swill ( t )  /  will  /  ill

switch ( t )  /  witch  /  itch

there ( w )  /  here  /  ere

.

PALINFLOW  TRIPLE  LIST   –  the 2nd & 3rd & 4th words are derived from the palinflow

.

bleat (  c , p  )  /  leat  /  eat  /  at

broom ( g )  /  room  /  oom  /  om

cleave ( s )  /  leave  /  eave  /  ave

gloom ( s )  /  loom  /  oom /  om

wheat ( c )  /  heat  /  eat  /  at

.

A  SELECTIVE  PALINFOLD  LISTING  /  5 plus letter words only

.

PALINFOLD  –  a base word that will form a different base word when its last letter is removed or other base words upon each subsequent last letter removal but cannot form another different base word if any single letter is added as an attempted last word letter

.

PALINFOLD  SINGLE  LIST

.

boral  /  bora

budget  /  budge

clamp  /  clam

fleet  /  flee

forget  /  forge

gripe  /  grip

haste  /  hast

heart  /  hear

intern  /  inter

irony  /  iron

lasso  /  lass

limbo  /  limb

party  /  part

plant  /  plan

pasta  /  past

scrape  /  scrap

stark  /  star

start  /  star

stripe  /  strip

study  /  stud

teste  /  test

thane  /  than

thought  /  though

valet  /  vale

virgina  /  virgin

whisky  /  whisk

write  /  writ

.

PALINFOLD  DOUBLE  LIST

.

caret  /  care  /  car

chine  /  chin  /  chi

pastel  /  paste  /  past

planet  /  plane  /  plan

toilet  /  toile  /  toil

.

PALINFOLD  TRIPLE  LIST

.

brandy  /  brand  /  bran  /  bra

panty  /  pant  /  pan  /  pa

yearn  /  year  /  yea  /  ye

.

A  SELECTIVE  PALINFOIL  LISTING

.

PALINFOIL  –  a word prefaced by one of its own variations that will provide reinforced emphasis & dimensional depth to its particular meaning

.

. . . . . .   actively  active

( an )  adventurous  adventure

( an ) alphabetic alphabet

. . . . . .   artfully  artistic

. . . . . .    creative  creativity

( a )  crossdressed  crossdresser

. . . . . .   decisively indecisive

( a )  descriptive descriptor

. . . . . .   discriminatory discrimination

( a )  dreamy  dream

. . . . . .   despondent  despondency

( an )  epic  epic

. . . . . .   eventually  eventuate

( an )  extended  extension

( a )  fantasized  fantasy

( a ) fixed fixation

( a )  fomalised  formality

. . . . . .   futuristic  futurism

. . . . . .   historical  history

( an )  inspired  inspiration

( an )  instantaneous  instant

( a )  marvellous  marvel

. . . . . .   naked  nakedness

( a )  nude  nudist

( an ) opinionated opinion

( a )  parasitic  parasite

( a )  parliamentary  parliamentarian

. . . . . .   poetic  poetry

( a )  reactive  reaction

. . . . . .   real  reality

. . . . . .   voyeuristic  voyeurism

. . . . . .   weirdly  weird

( a )  whimsical  whim

.

GROUP  NUMBERING  –  Adjectives

.

Single  1   sole  /  lone  /  only  /  once  –  weekly

Double  2   dual  /  twice  –  weekly

Triple  3   treble  /  thrice  –  fortnightly

Quadruple  4

Quintuple  or Pentuple  5   fivefold

Sextuple  or Hextuple  6   sixfold

Septuple  7   sevenfold

Octuple  8   eightfold

Nonuple  9   ninefold

Decuple  10   tenfold

Hendecuple  or  Undecuple  11   elevenfold

Duodecuple  12   twelvefold

Tredecuple  13   thirteenfold

Quattuordecuple  14   forteenfold

Quindecuple  15   fifteenfold

Sexdecuple  16   sixteenfold

Septendecuple  17   seventeenfold

Octodecuple  18   eighteenfold

Novemdecuple  19   nineteenfold

Viguple  20   twentyfold

21    twenty-onefold

22   twenty-twofold

23   twenty-fourfold

24   twenty-fivefold

26   twenty-sixfold

27   twenty-sevenfold

28   twenty-eightfold

29   twenty-ninefold

30   thirtyfold

40   fortyfold

50   fiftyfold

60   sixtyfold

70   seventyfold

80   eightyfold

90   ninetyfold

Centuple  100   hundredfold

144   one hundred and forty-fourfold

200    two hundredfold

.

MODERN   NAMED   LARGE   NUMBERS SHORT SCALEcommencement at one billion  )

.

one  thousand   ( 10 3 )   1 , 000   ( a  thousand )

one  million   ( 10 6 )   1 , 000 , 000   ( a  thousand  thousand )

one  billion   ( 10 9 )   1 , 000 , 000 , 000   ( a  thousand  million )

one  trillion   ( 10 12 )   1 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000   ( a  million million )

one  quadrillion   ( 10 15 )   1 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000   ( a  thousand  trillion )

one  quintillion   ( 10 18 )   1 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000   ( a  million  trillion )

one  sextillion   ( 10 21 )   one with twenty one zeros   ( a  thousand  million  trillion )

one  septillion   ( 10 24 )   one with twenty four zeros   ( a  trillion  trillion )

one  octillion   (  10 27 )   one with twenty seven zeros   ( a thousand  trillion  trillion )

one  nonillion   ( 10 30 )   one with thirty zeros   ( a million trillion trillion )

one  decillion   ( 10 33 )    one with thirty three zeros   ( a  billion trillion trillion )

one  undecillion   ( 10 36 )   one with thirty six zeros   (  a trillion  trillion  trillion )

.

note  –  a  zillion  may be defined as any number beyond a trillion trillion

note  –  a  squillion  may be defined as any number beyond a trillion trillion trillion

note  –  groupings to  10 36   should be a combination of thousand / million / billion / trillion

note  –  a person may only be a millionaire or trillionaire or zillionaire or squillionaire

note  –  the millionaire designation will only begin at  ( 10 9  )  and not beforehand

note  –  the trillionaire designation will only begin at  ( 10 15 )  and not beforehand

note  –  once anywhere past  ( 10 24  )  the zillionaire designation shall commence 

note  –  once anywhere past  ( 10 36  )  the squillionaire designation shall commence

note  –  a person may only be called a defined  aire  if it is publicly declared in written form

.

COMPARITATIVE   DESCRIPTIVE   FEMALE   BREAST   SHAPE   and   MASS   ( American  )

.

1 )  Cranberries
2 )  Oranges
3 )  Peaches
4 )  Lemons
5 )  Grape  Fruits 
6 )  Water  Melons
7 )  Pears
8 )  Cucumbers
9 )  Sweet  Potatoes
10 )   Bee  Strings
11 )  Flap  Jacks
12  )  Has  Beens
13 )  Pointers
14 )  Mail  Bags
15 )  Under  Chinners 
16 )  Cup  Cakes 
17 )  Balloons
18  )  Water  Wings
19 )  Coat  Hooks
20 )  Block  Busters
21 )  Hot  Water  Bottles

.

THE  CREED  OF  GREED  BY  NEED

.

Hoard  the  best
Ignore  the  rest
Remember  lest

.

SPHERE  OF  A  CIRCLE

.

With  earth  of  old
and  berth  of  bold
comes  bliss  of  loss
and  miss  of  floss

.

FLOW  OF  THE  KNOW

.

Thou  surely  dost  twirl
when  taking  thy  swirl
but  that  be  better
than  din  of  spin
for  there  the  inner
will work  its  way  thither

.

WALK  TALK  DITTY

 .

conceptualised in early twenty twenty three 
and posted here on July 06th 2023

.

Walking  , walking 
walking on the road again

Talking , talking
talking on the road again

All I do is walk , all I do is talk
talking on the road again
walking on the road again

Walk , talk
talking on the road again

Talk , walk
walking on the road again

Walking , forever talking
talking , forever walking
talking on the road again
walking on the road again

.

then repeat the whole or part thereof 
again and again and again …………

.

REVELATION 

Everything in this existence  is manifested  by thought which  is governed  by words

All words will contain a philosophical element ( lore ) and a legalistic element ( law )

37,880 thoughts on “Philosophical Edwina

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  10. Another instant crush is the splash screen in ArcMap that displays your latest map documents. Retrieve old MXDs because we all have to return to unfinished business. This feature is available in QGIS by selecting Project > Open Recent.
    QGIS has support for 2,700 known coordinate reference systems (CRS). It allows you to define global and project-wide CRS for layers without a pre-defined CRS. It also allows you to define custom CRS and supports on-the-fly projection of vector and raster layers.
    There are paid (and free) solutions for almost any spatial problem you can think of. Esri has nailed every corner of the market including gardening. You have to understand how scalable and unique Esri is to solve your geospatial problem.
    ArcGIS raster-based tools are rock-solid. The Spatial Analysis tools also offer specialized tools for groundwater, hydrology, and solar radiation. Other options are to filter (reclass or extraction toolsets) or simplify data (generalization toolset).
    When ArcGIS 10 added the image analysis toolbar, it instantly provided remote sensing analysts with the necessary tools to create samples and perform unsupervised and supervised classification. Pansharpen, perform NDVI, orthorectify and interactively change the brightness, contrast, and transparency. The LAS Dataset (LASD) is an awkward way to work with LiDAR. It still gets the job done.
    For QGIS, you have PyQGIS. There is no QGIS module and you will be using GDAL a lot. You will also be using a bunch of other modules as needed for different projects. It can be difficult to figure out what to use and where it all is.
    ArcGIS layout view is how to set up map templates and export map products. ArcGIS experts in various formats like PDF, JPG, SVG, AI, PNG, EPS, and EMF. The ArcGIS layout view is practical. It has tools to pinpoint your labels, set up mapbooks, and link data frames with easy extent rectangles.
    QGIS misses the beat on pre-existing choices. Life would be easier in QGIS if it came equipped with symbology like railways and hatched polygons. Keep in mind: you can download and load them to your symbology palette.
    Where QGIS sputters, it makes up the ground for its Adobe Photoshop-like array of fill options. It has more blending options than a symbology bakery: lighten, screen, dodge, addition, darken, multiply, burn, overlay, soft light, hard light, and difference.
    Using QGIS Atlas, select your coverage layer which contains geometries and fields. For each geometry in the coverage layer, a new output will be generated. Fields associated with this geometry can be used within text labels. A page will be generated for each feature.
    QGIS Server provides a web map service (WMS). The WMS uses the same libraries as the Quantum GIS (QGIS) desktop application. Maps and print templates created in QGIS desktop can be published as web maps simply by copying the QGIS project file into the server directory.
    Watch polar ice caps melt over time. Display global time-aware weather patterns. ArcGIS makes it an easy process to go from static to dynamic with its animation toolbar. GIS time-series animations are easy in ArcGIS.
    When you have a time-enabled field, scroll the time slider from left to right. Watch your data change over time. A little preparation is necessary but nothing too painful. Export as an AVI and impress your boss.
    The TimeManager plugin adds time controls to QGIS. Using time controls, you animate vector features based on time attributes. There is also an experimental raster layer support and interpolation between point geometries. You can create animations directly in the map window and export image series.
    For thematic mapping in QGIS, cartographers have a range of options. For example, there are graduated colors, proportional symbols, and dot density. Symbolize numeric data with pie, bar/column, histograms, and text diagrams.
    One of the unique tools in QGIS is the heatmap display. Take a point data set and instantly create a heat map (without raster conversion). Adjust the radius, color ramp, transparency, and blending mode. In the end, the heat map renderer delivers live dynamic heatmaps for point layers.
    QGIS offers a range of tools for editing like reshaping, splitting, and tracing (with the AutoTrace plugin). Delete rings from features and create donuts with simplicity. You snap features using snapping options. The QGIS CadTools plugin provides 13 advanced tools. One of the bright features is rolling back edits in QGIS. This can only be done in the vertex sketch properties in ArcMap. Every vertex can be moved and removed.
    When fields are created in QGIS, you can rename them using the Table Manager plugin. You probably thought in ArcGIS, you have to create a new field and copy the contents over to the new field. But the Alter Field (Data Management) can accomplish this.
    In geodatabases, users can set up subtypes, domains, and default data entries. When users start entering attribute information, they can select from drop-down lists. This is how to steer clear of invalid entries when GIS analysts start going rogue.
    Selection by location has been improved with its interactive selection tool. When records are selected, they can be filtered even more so (selected from, added to, removed from). The field calculator supports Python and VB to execute code.
    QGIS is free. It has multi-language support and relies on volunteer efforts which is really good. It has huge support on stack exchange. The more you work in QGIS, the more hidden gems you find like:
    Yes, lot of cartographers use Adobe Illustrator for making graphics rich maps and for that use Avenza MAPublisher plugin with Illustrator. It is an expensive option for cartographers but there is no other viable solution which combines the CAD with GIS.
    ArcGIS can export the Map Layout as an Illustrator (.ai) file with layers however QGIS just does not have any plugin which can do this job. Can any body suggest some plugin in QGIS which may be utilized for getting the formatted layered map in Illustrator.
    Good article! Both systems ArcGIS and QGIS have advantages and disadvantages, depending on the field of use. However, I think because of the costs associated to licensing, QGIS will dominate the GIS field and probably have more worldwide use. Regarding input data formats, some are standardized in the United States and are often not used in other countries. ArcGIS predominates in the U.S. but QGIS is used in the rest of the world.
    I would really like to see an update to this article. Since this article was published, QGIS has been expanded significantly. I would like to see how QGIS 3.0 now rates with ArcGIS. What can QGIS do that ArcGIS cannot? What are the weaknesses to QGIS? Where does QGIS really shine?
    Generally, the heavy problem of the ArcGIS is a number of very old modules that are still used by the core software. I believe they will be cleaned up eventually, as it happened with the very useful Near Table command, but we are still not there. What I do like in the ArcGIS are its extensions. Geostatistical Analyst is genius.
    Great article I must say. I enjoyed every item of the comparison which has given me the opportunity to declare my interest on QGIS. GIS is still far from implementation for most organisations in developing countries mainly because of the cost of the software. And with this revelation that QGIS which is free can do virtually all that can be done using very expensive ESRI GIS software (ArcGIS), QGIS popularity will surely rise to become the default GIS software of the striving countries of the world. Thank you to Gisgeography.com for this wonderful and informative article. Please keep the momentum up with updates of this article as already suggested by other contributors.
    Firstly, your point on the plug ins is quite interesting. I have been using ArcGIS for over ten years now and have really enjoyed the availability of functionality for any GIS problem. there is a plug in for almost all issues. what annoys me is the restrictions on certain plug ins which depends on your license level. For instance, I have a Basic Desktop license (ArcGIS 10.4) setup in my office and so much of the advanced 3D analysis tools are inaccessible to me. We have now installed QGIS 2.18.6 installed in our office as an alternative to counter such restrictions.
    Thanks for the article, I gave myself the task of proving with examples the differences arcgis and qgis, I see areas of opportunity for QGIS on arcgis, and strengths in QGIS also, considering that ARCGIS goes in version 10.5 and QGIS in version 2.18 , I believe that the development of the QGIS environment is on the right track.
    Awesome! I like the comparison. QGIS has become handy for those who cannot afford to purchase and maintain the ArcGIS license. QGIS also enables one to customize by introducing coding to solve organizational problems.
    Great article. I downloaded QGIS a few years ago and taught myself how to use GIS. It has become an invaluable tool for my work as a self-employed consultant. I would not have been inclined to learn GIS had I had to pay what they were asking for an ArcGIS license.
    While QGIS is offered for free, they do accept donations. QGIS is underpinned by a talented group of dedicated, passionate developers who are steadily adding new features and improving this software and I encourage anyone who has benefited from their efforts to support them.
    And what about speed? Please add a speed rendering and computing comparison. There is no contest. QGis is way faster. Total winner. And in 2016 we can actually say it has become a fully professional software with 100% functionalities. No one would have said so 10 years ago. Well done OSGEO community. The couple Postgres Qgis gives me unachieved depth of analysis and I recommend anyone approaching to the GIS world to avoid the readymade ESRI packages to fully experience a low level analysis with a spatial database like Postgres (Postgis). Just be patient and willing to learn.. Italy,[a] officially the Italian Republic,[b] is a country in Southern and Western Europe.[c] It consists of a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land border, as well as nearly 800 islands, notably Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares land borders with France to the west; Switzerland and Austria to the north; Slovenia to the east; and the two enclaves of Vatican City and San Marino. It is the tenth-largest country in Europe by area, covering 301,340 km2 (116,350 sq mi), and the third-most populous member state of the European Union, with nearly 59 million inhabitants. Italy’s capital and largest city is Rome; other major cities include Milan, Naples, Turin, Palermo, Bologna, Florence, Genoa, and Venice.
    Hypotheses for the etymology of Italia are numerous.[13] One theory suggests it originated from an Ancient Greek term for the land of the Itali, a tribe that resided in the region now known as Calabria. Originally thought to be named Vituli, some scholars suggest their totemic animal to be the calf (Latin: vitulus; Umbrian: vitlo; Oscan: Vteli).[14] Several ancient authors said it was named after a local ruler Italus.[15]
    The ancient Greek term for Italy initially referred only to the south of the Bruttium peninsula and parts of Catanzaro and Vibo Valentia. The larger concept of Oenotria and “Italy” became synonymous, and the name applied to most of Lucania as well. Before the Roman Republic’s expansion, the name was used by Greeks for the land between the strait of Messina and the line connecting the gulfs of Salerno and Taranto, corresponding to Calabria. The Greeks came to apply “Italia” to a larger region.[16] In addition to the “Greek Italy” in the south, historians have suggested the existence of an “Etruscan Italy”, which consisted of areas of central Italy.[17]
    The borders of Roman Italy, Italia, are better established. Cato’s Origines describes Italy as the entire peninsula south of the Alps.[18] In 264 BC, Roman Italy extended from the Arno and Rubicon rivers of the centre-north to the entire south. The northern area, Cisalpine Gaul, considered geographically part of Italy, was occupied by Rome in the 220s BC,[19] but remained politically separated. It was legally merged into the administrative unit of Italy in 42 BC.[20] Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, and Malta were added to Italy by Diocletian in 292 AD,[21] which made late-ancient Italy coterminous with the modern Italian geographical region.[22]
    The Latin Italicus was used to describe “a man of Italy” as opposed to a provincial, or one from the Roman province.[23] The adjective italianus, from which Italian was derived, is from medieval Latin and was used alternatively with Italicus during the early modern period.[24] After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy was created. After the Lombard invasions, Italia was retained as the name for their kingdom, and its successor kingdom within the Holy Roman Empire.[25]
    Lower Paleolithic artefacts, dating back 850,000 years, have been recovered from Monte Poggiolo.[26] Excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence in the Middle Palaeolithic period 200,000 years ago,[27] while modern humans appeared about 40,000 years ago at Riparo Mochi.[28]
    The first colonisers were the Phoenicians, who established emporiums on the coasts of Sicily and Sardinia. Some became small urban centers and developed parallel to Greek colonies.[31] During the 8th and 7th centuries, Greek colonies were established at Pithecusae, eventually extending along the south of the Italian Peninsula and the coast of Sicily, an area later known as Magna Graecia.[32] Ionians, Doric colonists, Syracusans, and the Achaeans founded various cities. Greek colonisation placed the Italic peoples in contact with democratic forms of government and high artistic and cultural expressions.[33]
    Ancient Rome, a settlement on the River Tiber in central Italy, founded in 753 BC, was ruled for 244 years by a monarchical system.[36] In 509 BC, the Romans, favouring a government of the Senate and the People (SPQR), expelled the monarchy and established an oligarchic republic.[37]
    The Italian Peninsula, named Italia, was consolidated into a unified entity during Roman expansion, the conquest of new territories often at the expense of the other Italic tribes, Etruscans, Celts, and Greeks. A permanent association, with most of the local tribes and cities, was formed, and Rome began the conquest of Western Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. In the wake of Julius Caesar’s assassination in 44 BC, Rome grew into a massive empire stretching from Britain to the borders of Persia, engulfing the whole Mediterranean basin, in which Greek, Roman, and other cultures merged into a powerful civilisation. The long reign of the first emperor, Augustus, began an age of peace and prosperity. Roman Italy remained the metropole of the empire, homeland of the Romans and territory of the capital.[38]
    The Roman Empire was among the largest in history, wielding great economical, cultural, political, and military power.[39] At its greatest extent, it had an area of 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles).[40] The Roman legacy has deeply influenced Western civilisation shaping the modern world. The widespread use of Romance languages derived from Latin, numerical system, modern Western alphabet and calendar, and the emergence of Christianity as a world religion, are among the many legacies of Roman dominance.[41]
    After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy fell under the Odoacer’s kingdom, and was seized by the Ostrogoths.[42] Invasions resulted in a chaotic succession of kingdoms and the supposed “Dark Ages”. The invasion of another Germanic tribe in the 6th century, the Lombards, reduced Byzantine presence and ended political unity of the peninsula. The north formed the Lombard kingdom, central-south was also controlled by the Lombards, and other parts remained Byzantine.[43]
    The Lombard kingdom was absorbed into Francia by Charlemagne in the late 8th century and became the Kingdom of Italy.[44] The Franks helped form the Papal States. Until the 13th century, politics was dominated by relations between the Holy Roman Emperors and the Papacy, with city-states siding with the former (Ghibellines) or with the latter (Guelphs) for momentary advantage.[45] The Germanic emperor and Roman pontiff became the universal powers of medieval Europe. However, conflict over the Investiture Controversy and between Guelphs and Ghibellines ended the imperial-feudal system in the north, where cities gained independence.[46] In 1176, the Lombard League of city-states defeated Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, ensuring their independence.
    Venice and Genoa were Europe’s gateways to the East, and producers of fine glass, while Florence was a centre of silk, wool, banking, and jewellery. The wealth generated meant large public and private artistic projects could be commissioned. The republics participated in the Crusades, providing support, transport, but mostly taking political and trading opportunities.[48] Italy first felt the economic changes which led to the commercial revolution: Venice was able to sack Byzantine’s capital and finance Marco Polo’s voyages to Asia; the first universities were formed in Italian cities, and scholars such as Aquinas obtained international fame; capitalism and banking families emerged in Florence, where Dante and Giotto were active around 1300.[51] In the south, Sicily had become an Arab Islamic emirate in the 9th century, thriving until the Italo-Normans conquered it in the late 11th century, together with most of the Lombard and Byzantine principalities of southern Italy.[52] The region was subsequently divided between the Kingdom of Sicily and Kingdom of Naples.[d][53] The Black Death of 1348 killed perhaps a third of Italy’s population.[54]
    During the 1400s and 1500s, Italy was the birthplace and heart of the Renaissance. This era marked the transition from the medieval period to the modern age and was fostered by the wealth accumulated by merchant cities and the patronage of dominant families.[55] Italian polities were now regional states effectively ruled by princes, in control of trade and administration, and their courts became centres of the arts and sciences. These princedoms were led by political dynasties and merchant families, such as the Medici of Florence. After the end of the Western Schism, newly elected Pope Martin V returned to the Papal States and restored Italy as the sole centre of Western Christianity. The Medici Bank was made the credit institution of the Papacy, and significant ties were established between the Church and new political dynasties.[55][56]
    In 1453, despite activity by Pope Nicholas V to support the Byzantines, the city of Constantinople fell to the Ottomans. This led to the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy, fuelling the rediscovery of Greek humanism.[57] Humanist rulers such as Federico da Montefeltro and Pope Pius II worked to establish ideal cities, founding Urbino and Pienza. Pico della Mirandola wrote the Oration on the Dignity of Man, considered the manifesto of the Renaissance. In the arts, the Italian Renaissance exercised a dominant influence on European art for centuries, with artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Michelangelo, Raphael, Giotto, Donatello, and Titian, and architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi, Andrea Palladio, and Donato Bramante. Italian explorers and navigators from the maritime republics, eager to find an alternative route to the Indies to bypass the Ottomans, offered their services to monarchs of Atlantic countries and played a key role in ushering the Age of Discovery and colonization of the Americas. The most notable were: Christopher Columbus, who opened the Americas for conquest by Europeans;[58] John Cabot, the first European to explore North America since the Norse;[59] and Amerigo Vespucci, for whom the continent of America is named.[60][61]. La discografia de Lynyrd Skynyrd, est formada per onze lbums d’estudi, set discs de directes, vint-i-cinc compilacions i 5 discs de vdeos. Lynyrd Skynyrd fou un grup original de Jacksonville, Florida, Estats Units, i la banda ms important del gnere musicalanomenat southern rock. El seu xit es va produir durant la dcada dels 70 fins a la mort de tres membres del grup en un accident aeri l’any 1977, entre ells el lder del grup. Els membres supervivents van refer la banda l’any 1987 i el grup s’ha mantingut en actiu fins a l’actualitat, tot i que de la formaci original noms Gary Rossington segueix en actiu. L’any 2006, la banda fou admesa en el Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
    Il progetto di una Discografia Nazionale della Canzone Italiana si propone l’obiettivo di creare un archivio di dati che possa documentare la produzione discografica dei cantanti di musica leggera, a partire dall’inizio del secolo scorso fino ai nostri giorni.Non tanto dunque una discografia corrente che registri la produzione discografica contemporanea, ma soprattutto una discografia retrospettiva, che ricostruisca il percorso discografico della canzone italiana dai primi 78 giri fino alla quasi completa cessazione di pubblicazioni su vinile (avvenuta tra il 1990 e il 1991) e alla comparsa del compact disc (dal 1984 in poi).
    La griglia di rilevazione dei dati discografici prevede un record per ogni supporto (78, 33, 45, 16 giri e CD), completo di riproduzione della copertina e delle relative informazioni discografiche: titoli, autori, compositori, arrangiatori, numero di matrice, etichetta, numero di catalogo, anno di pubblicazione e quanti altri elementi utili ad arricchire l’informazione su quel supporto.
    L’insieme dei record relativi ad un interprete costituisce il corpus discografico di ogni singolo cantante (e dunque la sua discografia), sviluppato in ordine cronologico e ricostruito passando in ricognizione il materiale discografico posseduto dall’Istituto Centrale per i beni sonori ed audiovisivi, dalle collezioni di istituzioni simili e dall’imprescindibile apporto informativo dei collezionisti privati. cc7c31b456 heiqued
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    JD-990 vs. XV seriesXV series contain the whole JD-990 waveform set. With XV-3080 being 32k and XV-5080 and XV-5050 with original 44.1kHz JD set. Some of the waveforms have been renamed, but they are there. It should be said that on along the Adaptive DPCM waveform compression, I always suspected (but never got it 100% confirmed) XV series have extra (destructive?) form of compression on top, similar to mp3 and it can be spotted visually with most simple analyzer. There is no such compression on JD series. More on that in one of the chapters below.
    There were some rumors on various forums that XV-5080 is 32kHz (thus being able to play only up to 16kHz). This however is simply not true. We will now take a look at a waveform spectra of a White Noise sample as played from JD-990 and XV-5080. What we can clearly see is that not only they are identical but they both go all the way up to 22kHz, which clearly indicates 44.1k playback.
    CompatibilityEven the latest XV-5080 has a full backward compatibility, all the way to the JV-80. You can also load all of the patches from JV-80, JV-90 and JV-1000 into JV-1080 and JV-2080. Just like you can load JV-1080 patches into the last of the series XV-3080, XV-5080 and XV-5050. They are all full compatible with only a few minor exceptions when it comes to waveforms. Even the old JV-80 patch will sound identical if you properly convert it. Some correction in resonance is needed because old models JV-80, JV-90 and JV-1000 had a Soft and Hard resonance setting, next to the resonance amount. Because JV-80 has two resonance settings, Soft and Hard. Their equivalent on Super JV and XV is as following:
    What applies to XV-5080 applies to all Super JV and XP series. I came with this info by testing them side by side. This also gives you idea that the filter in JV-1080 can go way beyond old JV in resonance power. This is not surprising since it is a filter from the JD series. To cut the long story short, whenever you load a JV-80 patch into Super JV or XV you will have to modify the resonance value.
    Destructive compression?With the Super JV series, on top of the existing Adaptive DPCM compression it seems as if Roland added an extra compression which is destructive form of compression. This is not confirmed anywhere in documentation. But at the same time it is trivial to test that something is going on by using a JD and any JV synthesizers, plus a spectral analyzer. If we play exact same waveform on both, some parts of the spectra are simply erased on the JV/XP/XV version. Now where have we seen that before? The good ole mp3 kinda looks like it, no? Of course it is not mp3 compression, because there was no mp3 back then, but the principle is somewhat very similar. Here is one example that clearly demonstrates it:
    It seems that Roland modules, all up until recently with the 2019 Fantoms, use DPCM compression type which downscales the data into 8 bit by a process of differential pulse-code modulation. This is a signal encoder that uses the baseline of pulse-code modulation (PCM) but adds some functionalities based on the prediction of the samples of the signal in two possible ways: 1) Take the values of two consecutive samples, quantize them, calculate the difference between the first one and the next, the output is the difference. 2) Take the difference relative to the output of a local model of the decoder process and quantize it. Compression ratios on the order of 2 to 4 can be achieved this way.
    My question now is do you think the SR-JV80 expansion boards sound better in the JD990 than the JV series and how so? What boards other than vintage synth are the best for the JD990? Finally are there sysex banks available for all the boards anywhere online?
    Hi! Thanks for your great article, it has been very helpful! I have a question, does the JV-880 includes the waveforms/patches of the U-220? I really like the sound of the U-220, particularly the drums, but I would rather buy a model that has resonant filters. Thanks!
    How easy or complicated it is to upload samples to xv-5080 nowadays? It looks like it would be cheaper to buy a SmartMedia USB reader and a 128mb card than a SCSI/USB adapter. Any suggestions or thoughts?
    My only problem (which in this particular case is indeed a problem) is that i never, absolutely never played or used any of the card patches. I have zero interesrs in presets, and generally never liked them. So i do not know their exact settings, sounds and ways they perform. But from programming point of view, you have everything you need in your XV to emulate these patches. The only thing you will need is cutoff conversion table, but that i already provided.
    To my left, I have a Roland JV-80 on the bottom tier and a JP-8000 on the top tier being used as midi controllers (although I layer them with other sounds) that control a JV-880, JV-1080, JD-990 w/the Vintage Synth expansion board and a S-760 with the RC-100 controller. A Dell laptop running Windows 2000 is used for Sounddiver that controls patch changes for everything except the XP-80 and XP-30.
    The XP-30 and XP-80 are connected to a MacBook Pro running Mainstage and via two Mio midi interfaces. I use the XP-30 for strings mostly and the XP-80 for B-3 type organs. The rest of the keyboards/modules are mainly for pads/synths. All of the keyboards and modules go through a Behringer RX-1602 line mixer, then to the FOH main mixer.
    1) JD-990 can load JV-80 patches. Vintage Card contains a bank of JV-80 patches and i can load them normally like other patches. JD-990 can not load Super JV / XP patches. If you have a couple of such patches, simply recreate them parameter by parameter. Takes a couple of minutes, it is not that hard. IMPORTANT: JD uses 0-99 value range for the parameters, Super JV uses 0-127 range. Here you can find the conversion table: =172
    Hi don,Your site is very professional, and in the near future might be your programing for the jv1080. but truth is I am wait for my unit to arrive that I bought off ebay.Doing some research before it comes, I am now realizing some things that I should have ask seller, but mainly now worried about the battery. Is this a big issue? I read it was easy to DIY, but before its done should do a back up.i am not really interested in what the first owners had done, I would rather have it like it just came from factory. Do I need any memory cards to do this.(for a back up before I change battery or can I just use the factory button sequence to bring it back to factory specs.? Any knowledge you can impart with, will be very appreciated. My current sound module is a K1r, I also hope this is a big step up.
    IMO, the holes are located precisely where expected. In fact they are mirrored as well which means they exist in original sample. Definitely mp3 style of compression that was applied on the high frequency parts.
    In theses days when the fantom XR is available second hand for a comparable price as the XV 5080, thoses who appreciate the possibilty to use their own samples without the need for the extra outputs could go for the newest model, but do you know if the fantom uses compressed waveforms ? or does its JD waveforms come uncompressed at least ?
    Hi Don! Only now, I read this article about the family of Roland JV, XV, JD, XP. Very interesting analytical article. I love Roland and he used a lot of this equipment, and dates back to the JX 3p. It seems to me that it would be logical to write the second part of this article about Fantom family, based on the same principle of synthesis and wave forms that a family XV, JV. Thanks again for the wonderful article.
    Never really was much into ROMplers, but I have an opportunity to pick up a package deal on some synths including 2x JV-90. I knew Roland had been milking this particular platform for some time, but I had no idea there were this many products!
    Looking at the service manuals shows that XV-3080 & XV-88 are in fact XV / JV series hybrids: The control processor, waveforms and dacs are XV series, while the voice/fx ICs are same as in late JV/XP series. JV-1010 & XP-30 even use the same DACs and XP-30 has the same amount of onboard sample rom.
    Hello, ( Witam )I bought the SRX-02 and 06 for my XV-5080.Do you understand? The sum of polyphonies: XV5080 and SRX02 and SRX06 equals 1283. For patch and performance?Can I get an answer, please?Thank you for your attention
    But the FA has a lot of potentials.I have never owned the xp-30, I hope to find in the XP-30 a good replacement of my old JV boards. Although a tech from japan told me: they where always battling for cheap or very expensive parts in their pro equipment. This is maybe why the 5080, sound wise, fully expanded, still rules over the xp-30, Fa or even the Integra 7. Or is it just the effect processor?
    On my Fa-08 I think they sampled the original waveforms from an XV-5080 with expansion boards and polished it, without rumbles into one stereo instead of four independent stereo, all by lfo intermitting waveform samples.
    Actually i decided to not remove your post. It is not a sin to be incorrect about something, then later to correct it. ? You are right. XP is not a JV with a keyboard. XP is a Super JV with a keyboard.
    Do we know how much multisampling goes on for the sample sets in the 5080 sample sets? I assume the acoustic stuff like pianos is but what about the synth waveforms or utility sounds (such as noise). I was considering sampling some of the waves to use in a sampler but not sure how much work it would be to do accurately.
    Very good question but it would require a lot of detective work. I think easiest way would be to record the spectrum of each individual note and compare it against its neighbors. Slight difference in spectra will be a giveaway.
    Hi Don, a question, I intend to make experimental industrial music, which of these Roland modules would fit for this type of music? I already own the Zoom Studio 1204, Yamaha Sxp50D and Alesis Midiverb II effects processors. Wondershare Filmora (or simply Filmora) is a paid video editing application made by Wondershare. It can either be downloaded, or used fully online. Depending on what plan the user purchases, they may continue to receive free updates forever, or only have access to whatever the latest version was at time of purchase. Its most recent release was version 14 in late 2024. While anyone can fully download and install Filmora, it is proprietary software, and will not allow the user to export videos without an internet connection for proof of purchase.
    Reviews of Wondershare Filmora typically believe it to be easy to use, but lacking in more advanced features.[2] According to Michael Muchmore from PCMag, Wondershare Filmora is “a fast and easy way to make splashy videos” but does not provide as much control as other video editors.[4] A review by Hans India shared this opinion, believing it to be a balance between simplicity and capability.[5]
    Shorty Awards reports that Filmora as a leader in the field of video editing by G2 Crowd in its 2021 Winter Report. It was recognized as a leader in the field of video editing by G2 Crowd in its 2021 Winter Report. It ranked among the Top 10 Best Video Editing Software on PC Magazine’s list, and was chosen as the Best Video Editing Software by Tom’s Guide. software by Tom’s Guide.[7]
    Filmora can be used online, from the website http://www.filmora.io. It’s also available for download for iOS[a], Android, macOS[b], and Windows[c]. It takes at least 1 GB of memory, though having 4 GB is recommended. It offers interface support in twenty-five languages[d]: Arabic, Bengali language, Chinese (simplified and traditional[e]), Dutch, English, Filipino, French, German, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean[f], Malay, Marathi, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, and Vietnamese.
    i got the wondershare filmora app from the apple store but i bought the subsection from wondershare filmora website the apple store wants me to choose a plan how do I get a round this so I can use the app
    Thanks for the post! As we understand it, you downloaded an app from the App Store but have a subscription directly through the developer and you want to know how to use that subscription. Is that right? That’s a great question and we’d like to help.
    In general, for a case like this, you’d want to look for an option to sign in with an existing account. If you don’t find such an option in the settings for the app, or within Settings on your iPhone, you may need to reach out to the developer directly for assistance with their app and subscription: Wondershare Support Center
    Wondershare Filmora (ou simplement Filmora) est une application de montage vido payante dveloppe par Wondershare. Il est accessible via le site officiel et peut tre utilis en ligne. Selon le plan d’abonnement choisi, l’utilisateur peut bnficier de mises jour gratuites vie ou avoir accs uniquement la version la plus rcente au moment de l’achat. Fin 2024, la version la plus rcente tait la version 14. Bien que Filmora puisse tre tlcharg et install par tous, il s’agit d’un logiciel propritaire et l’exportation de vidos ncessite une connexion Internet pour la validation de la licence.
    Wondershare Filmora a t lanc pour la premire fois par Wondershare en 2015[1]. Initialement conu comme un logiciel de montage vido de bureau pour macOS et Windows, il a ensuite t tendu aux plateformes mobiles Android et iOS.
    Les avis sur le logiciel de montage Wondershare Filmora sont gnralement favorables, le dcrivant comme un outil facile utiliser avec une interface graphique intuitive. Cependant, il est souvent mentionn qu’il manque de fonctionnalits plus avances[2]. Selon Michael Muchmore de PCMag, Wondershare Filmora est un moyen rapide et facile de crer des vidos attrayantes , mais il n’offre pas autant de contrle que d’autres diteurs vido[4]. Un avis de Hans India partage cette opinion, le considrant comme un bon quilibre entre simplicit et capacit[5].
    Shorty Awards a rapport que Filmora tait un leader dans le domaine du montage vido selon le rapport d’hiver 2021 de G2 Crowd[7]. Il a t class parmi les 10 meilleurs logiciels de montage vido par PC Magazine et a t dsign comme le meilleur logiciel de montage vido par Tom’s Guide[7].
    La nouvelle version de Filmora 14 intgre de nouvelles fonctionnalits bases sur l’IA, notamment la dcoupe automatique par IA, la suppression d’lments par IA, le clonage de voix par IA, les sous-titres dynamiques et la conversion de texte en parole, entre autres[8].
    Filmora peut tre utilis en ligne via le site Web http://www.filmora.io. Il est galement disponible en tlchargement pour iOS [note 1], Android, macOS [note 2] et Windows [note 3]. Le logiciel ncessite au moins 1 Go de mmoire vive, bien que 4 Go soient recommands. L’interface est prise en charge en vingt-cinq langues [note 4] : arabe, bengali, chinois (simplifi et traditionnel [note 5]), nerlandais, anglais, philippin, franais, allemand, hindi, indonsien, italien, japonais, coren [note 6], malais, marathi, polonais, portugais, roumain, russe, espagnol, sudois, tamoul, tlougou, tha et vietnamien.. Well, I hoped also to get a bit more information when VS 2022 will be supported by CUDA toolkit.But, actually I am quite sure that it will be supported by the next release of CUDA toolkit (11.6 ? 12.0 ?).For recent Visual Studio versons, it always has been that way when I remember correctly.And there is no question that they will support VS 2022 in the future (what would be the alternative on windows ?).
    I downloaded cuda 11.2 but I have visual studio 2022 , and now while installing cuda it is not recognizing visual studio , please give me some guidance on how to install cuda correctly, most of the blogs are outdated , they use 2017 nd 2019 visual studio versions, is there any way to install cuda without reinstalling visual studio 2019 or 2017 ,Pls help me I have my deadline coming faster and yet not completed my models.???
    I am still using unreal engine 5.1, I only used blueprints, I have installed visual studio 2022 with the correct modifications (.net framework, c++ for games, c++ for desktop development. Can someone please tell me how to fix it?
    When only one version of the compiler is installed, if this compiler is deleted and another version is installed, but the file settings remain unchanged and are still set to use the previous version of the compiler, the compiler will not be found during compilation.If multiple versions of the compiler are installed simultaneously, you can change which version of the compiler is currently being used by modifying this file.When there are multiple versions of engines on the computer, it is necessary to switch between different compilers to use them. For example, my computer is also installed with 4.27, 5.2, and 5.4
    Well, I happen to have one network isolated clone that I am still using for testing that did not have C# only the Visual Basic .NET. I need to run some tests, but after installing C# from the Visual Studio 2010 Express ISO, the IDE will not load saying it needs to have the same service pack applied.
    EDIT: I understand that my solution could be to network connect my isolated test to the internet if I am careful about only passing traffic say between my test RDS server and Windows Update, but that is a project that will take hiring out and some $, planning, and even more days. Hoping someone knows a Microsoft URL that is still live with the service pack ISO file or knows where to navigate under the visual studio site to download it. Every download I see is a foreign language edition or just a component of the whole SP.
    I am just resorting to the dark side and am going to restore an additional newer server with the thing already loaded to connect into test. I will disjoin and rejoin it to the domain in the test system and hopefully can then connect or even disjoin completely and just connect to the servers by IP address to get the .exe connected and data in the database uploaded.
    I have installed Visual studio community edition 2019 followed by ODT for VS 2019 19.3.3.0.0 and SSIS to load data from SSMS to Oracle database. But I’m unable to find the Oracle provider for OLE DB option for destination. Could you please help on this.

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  16. Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Federal Ministry of Education.[2] The local authorities take responsibility for implementing state-controlled policy regarding public education and state schools.[3] The education system is divided into Kindergarten, Primary education, Secondary education, and Tertiary education.[4] Nigeria’s federal government has been dominated by instability since declaring independence from Britain, and as a result, a unified set of education policies is yet to be successfully implemented.[5] Regional differences in quality, curriculum, and funding characterize the education system in Nigeria.[6][7] Currently, Nigeria possesses the largest population of out-of-school learning youths in the world.[7] The educational systems in Nigeria are divided into two the public[8] where the student only pays for Parents Teachers Association (PTA) while the private [9] where students pay school fees and some other fees like sports, exam fees, computer fees etc. and they are costly[10]
    Education in Nigerian schools takes place in English. On November 30, 2022, the education minister Adamu Adamu announced a government plan to abolish instruction in English on primary schools in favour of Nigeria’s local languages.[11]
    Primary education begins at around age 5 for the majority of Nigerians.[12] Students spend six years in primary school and graduate with a first school-leaving certificate. Subjects taught at the primary level include Mathematics, English language, Christian Religious Knowledge/Islamic Knowledge, Agricultural science, Home economics and one of the three main indigenous languages and cultures: Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo.[13] Private schools also offer Computer Science, French, and Fine Arts. Primary school pupils are required to take a Common Entrance Examination to qualify them for admission into the Federal and State Government Secondary schools, as well as Private schools.[14]
    Before 1976, education policy was still largely shaped by the colonial policy of the British Colonial Period.[15] In 1976, the Universal Primary Education program was established.[16] This program faced many difficulties and was subsequently revised in 1981 and 1990.[17] The Universal Basic Education (UBE) was formed in 1999 and this came as a replacement of the Universal Primary Education and intended to enhance the success of the first nine years of schooling.[18][19] The UBE involves 6 years of Primary School education and 3 years of Junior Secondary School education, culminating in 9 years of uninterrupted schooling, and transition from one class to another is automatic but determined through continuous assessment. This scheme is monitored by the Universal Basic Education Commission, UBEC, and has made it “free”, “compulsory” and a “right” of every child.[20]Therefore, the UBEC law section 15 defines UBE as early childhood care and education.[21] The law says a 9-year formal schooling, adult literacy and non-formal education, skill acquisition programs, and the education of special groups such as nomads and migrants, girl child and women, Al-majiri, out of school and disabled people (Aderinoye, 2007).[22]
    Secondary school is a link between the primary and tertiary levels of education.[23] It is the form of education children receive after primary education and before tertiary stage(Solomon, 2015). Prior to 1982, students spent a total of five years in secondary school.[24] After the “6-3-3-4” system was introduced, students spend six years in Secondary School divided into 3 years of JSS (Junior Secondary School), and 3 years of SSS (Senior Secondary School).[25] During the 3 years of Junior Secondary School education, students are to take subjects such as Mathematics, English, Social Studies, cultural and creative arts, basic science and technology, pre-vocational studies, French, business education, Home Economics, Computer Studies or Fine arts.[26] Senior Secondary curriculum is based on 4 core subjects completed by 4 or 5 elective subjects. Core subjects are: English; mathematics; Economics; Civic Education; one or more electives out of Biology, Chemistry, Physics for science class; one or more electives out of English literature, History, Geography, Agricultural science or a vocational subject which includes: Book Keeping, Commerce, Food and Nutrition, Technical Drawing amongst other 17 subjects.[27]
    The Federal Republic of Nigeria is made up of thirty-six States and the Federal Capital Territory and there are 2-3 Federal Government Colleges in each state. Most are boarding schools, with some admitting girls only.[29] Also referred to as “unity schools,” these schools are funded and managed directly by the Federal Government through the Ministry of Education.[30] There are also Command Schools run by the Nigerian Army and other military schools run by the Airforce and Navy. These schools are supposed to be model schools carrying and maintaining the ideals of secondary education for Nigerian students. Admission is based on merit, determined by the National Common Entrance Examination taken by all final year elementary school pupils.[31] Tuition and fees are relatively low as compared to private schools, approximately twenty-five thousand naira because partial funding comes from the Federal Government.[22] The Federal schools generally have good reputations and tend to be viewed as elite owing to their admissions being based on annual national merit exams.
    Teachers who want to teach in Nigerian schools must have either a National Certificate in Education, bachelor’s degree in education or a bachelor’s degree in a subject field combined with a postgraduate diploma in education.[32][33]
    State-owned secondary schools are funded by the respective state government and are not comparable to Federal government colleges.[34] Although, education is supposed to be free in the majority of the state-owned institutions, students are required to purchase books, uniforms and pay for miscellaneous things costing them an average of fifty thousand naira in one academic year.[35] Some state-owned secondary schools were once regarded as elite colleges because of the historically high educational standard and alumni who have become prominent citizens and successful in various careers. However, the ranking of these institutions have since dropped for myriad reasons, including budget issues and the arrival of some privately owned institutions who compete for staff and students.
    Teachers in state-owned institutions usually have a National Certificate of Education or a bachelor’s degree, but this is not always the case and varies widely between regions, states and even local areas for reasons which include availability of qualified teachers willing to work in certain areas as well as remuneration rates. Many state run schools are understaffed due to low state budgets, lack of incentives and irregularities in payment of staff salaries. As a result, many state secondary schools in Nigeria are served with unqualified teachers who end up not being able to properly educate or motivate their students.[22]
    Private secondary schools in Nigeria tend to be quite expensive with average fees ranging from a few hundred thousand naira to several million naira annually. Fees have also been rapidly increasing, as much as 50-70% in 2024.[36][37][38] At least one school reportedly charges 30 million naira.[39]
    These schools tend to have smaller classes (approximately ten to twenty students per class), modern equipment and a better learning environment. As a result of larger budgets, these institutions are able to pay better salaries and attract teachers possessing at least a bachelor’s degree in a specific course area and are sometimes supported with continuing education of workshops or short-term programs on a regular basis.[22]
    Religious and parochial schools such as those affiliated with Catholic, Methodist and Baptist churches were historically less expensive than other private schools. However, schools sponsored by some recently established denominations and independent churches can be quite expensive.[40]
    With the introduction of the 6-3-3-4 system of education in Nigeria, the recipient of the education would spend six years in primary school, three years in junior secondary school, three years in senior secondary school, and four years in a tertiary institution.[41] But Under Review, The six years spent in primary school and the three years spent in junior secondary school are merged to form the nine in the 9-3-4 system. Altogether, the students must spend a minimum period of six years in Secondary School. During this period, students are expected to spend three years in Junior Secondary School and three years in Senior Secondary School.[22][42]
    The General Certificate of Education Examination (GCE) was replaced by the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (SSCE).[34] The SSCE is conducted at the end of the Secondary School studies in May/June. The GCE is conducted in October/November as a supplement for those students who did not get the required credits from their SSCE results. The standards of the two examinations are basically the same. A body called West African Examination Council (WAEC) conducts both the SSCE and GCE. A maximum of nine and a minimum of seven subjects are registered for the examination by each student with Mathematics and English Language taken as compulsory.[22]
    A maximum of nine grades are assigned to each subject from: A1, B2, B3 (Equivalent to Distinctions Grade); C4, C5, C6 (Equivalent to Credit Grade); D7, E8 (Just Pass Grade); F9 (Fail Grade). Credit grades and above is considered academically adequate for entry into any University in Nigeria. In some study programs, many of the universities may require higher grades to get admission.[22]
    The Federal Government policy on education is agreed to by all secondary schools in Nigeria. Six years of elementary school is followed by six years of secondary school. Junior Secondary school consists of JSS1, JSS2 and JSS3 which are equivalent to the 7th, 8th and 9th Grade while the Senior Secondary school consists of SS I, SS 2, and SS 3 which is equivalent to the 10th, 11th and 12th Grade. The Senior Secondary School Examination (SSCE) is taken at the end of the SS 3. The West African Examination Council (WAEC) administers both exams. Three to six months after a student has taken the SSCE examination, they are issued an official transcript from their institution. This transcript is valid for one year, after which an Official transcript from the West African Examination Council is issued.[43] cc7c31b456 jordhal
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    Conveniently access helpful AI-generated support and solutions in AutoCAD with Autodesk Assistant. Ask questions related to AutoCAD features and troubleshoot your design challenges without leaving the workspace.
    AutoCAD is computer-aided design (CAD) software that is used for precise 2D and 3D drafting, design, and modeling with solids, surfaces, mesh objects, documentation features, and more. It includes features to automate tasks and increase productivity such as comparing drawings, counting, adding objects, and creating tables. It also comes with seven industry-specific toolsets for electrical design, plant design, architecture layout drawings, mechanical design, 3D mapping, adding scanned images, and converting raster images. AutoCAD enables users to create, edit, and annotate drawings via desktop, web, and mobile devices.
    AutoCAD LT is powerful 2D CAD software used for precision drafting and documentation. AutoCAD includes all the features of AutoCAD LT, plus additional features to benefit productivity such as 3D modeling and automation of repetitive processes. AutoCAD also lets you customize the user interface with APIs and add-on apps. With AutoCAD, users are able work more efficiently with seven industry-specific toolsets to enhance automation and productivity for tasks in architecture, mechanical design, electrical design, plant design, plumbing, converting raster images, geographic information systems, and 3D mapping.
    Autodesk provides download and install instructions for individuals and administrators. Your available downloads appear in Autodesk Account. Find your product, select a version, platform, language, and download method. For more information, visit Autodesk Support.
    Your AutoCAD subscription gives you access to install and use the three previous versions of AutoCAD. Available downloads are listed in your Autodesk Account after subscribing. See also previous releases available for subscribers.
    AutoCAD is computer-aided design (CAD) software that is used for precise 2D and 3D drafting, design, and modeling with solids, surfaces, mesh objects, documentation features, and more. It includes features to automate tasks and increase productivity such as comparing drawings, counting, adding objects, and creating tables. It also comes with seven industry-specific toolsets for electrical design, plant design, architecture layout drawings, mechanical design, 3D mapping, adding scanned images, and converting raster images. AutoCAD enables users to create, edit, and annotate drawings via desktop, web, and mobile devices.\n”}]},{“@type”:”Question”,”name”:”Who uses Autodesk AutoCAD?”,”acceptedAnswer”:[{“@type”:”Answer”,”text”:”Autodesk AutoCAD is used by students, architects, designers, engineers, project managers, real estate developers, and construction professionals to create precise 2D and 3D drawings.\n”}]},{“@type”:”Question”,”name”:”What is the difference between AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT? “,”acceptedAnswer”:[{“@type”:”Answer”,”text”:”AutoCAD LT is powerful 2D CAD software used for precision drafting and documentation. AutoCAD includes all the features of AutoCAD LT, plus additional features to benefit productivity such as 3D modeling and automation of repetitive processes. AutoCAD also lets you customize the user interface with APIs and add-on apps. With AutoCAD, users are able work more efficiently with seven industry-specific toolsets to enhance automation and productivity for tasks in architecture, mechanical design, electrical design, plant design, plumbing, converting raster images, geographic information systems, and 3D mapping.\n”}]},{“@type”:”Question”,”name”:”Which operating system does Autodesk AutoCAD software run on?\u202f\u202f”,”acceptedAnswer”:[{“@type”:”Answer”,”text”:”Autodesk AutoCAD can run on Microsoft Windows and Apple macOS. See\u202fAutoCAD system requirements for details.\n\nEvery Autodesk AutoCAD subscription includes AutoCAD on the web and mobile. AutoCAD on mobile can run on iOS, Android, and Windows. See AutoCAD on mobile system requirements for version details. Autodesk AutoCAD on the web is supported by 64-bit Google Chrome, 64-bit Mozilla Firefox, and 64-bit Microsoft Edge on Windows or Mac. See\u202fAutoCAD on web system requirements for version details.\n”}]},{“@type”:”Question”,”name”:”Can I use AutoCAD for free?”,”acceptedAnswer”:[{“@type”:”Answer”,”text”:”Yes. Students and educators can get free one-year educational access to Autodesk products and services, renewable for as long as you remain eligible. Learn more.\n”}]},{“@type”:”Question”,”name”:”How do I download AutoCAD?”,”acceptedAnswer”:[{“@type”:”Answer”,”text”:”Autodesk provides download and install instructions for individuals and administrators. Your available downloads appear in Autodesk Account. Find your product, select a version, platform, language, and download method. For more information, visit Autodesk Support.\n”}]},{“@type”:”Question”,”name”:”Which versions of AutoCAD can I use if I subscribe to the current version? “,”acceptedAnswer”:[{“@type”:”Answer”,”text”:”Your AutoCAD subscription gives you access to install and use the three previous versions of AutoCAD. Available downloads are listed in your Autodesk Account after subscribing. See also previous releases available for subscribers.\n”}]},{“@type”:”Question”,”name”:”Can I install Autodesk AutoCAD on multiple computers? “,”acceptedAnswer”:[{“@type”:”Answer”,”text”:”With a subscription to Autodesk AutoCAD software, you can install it on up to three computers or other devices. However, only the named user can sign in and use that software on a single computer at any given time. Please refer to the\u202fSoftware License Agreement for more information.\n”}]},{“@type”:”Question”,”name”:”How do I convert my AutoCAD free trial to a paid subscription? “,”acceptedAnswer”:[{“@type”:”Answer”,”text”:”Launch your trial software and click Subscribe Now on the trial screen or buy AutoCAD here. When buying your subscription, enter the same email address and password combination you used to sign in to your trial. Learn more about\u202f converting a trial to a paid subscription.\n”}]},{“@type”:”Question”,”name”:”How much does an AutoCAD subscription cost? “,”acceptedAnswer”:[{“@type”:”Answer”,”text”:”The price of an annual AutoCAD subscription is\u202f\u202fand the price of a monthly AutoCAD subscription is\u202f. The price of a 3-year AutoCAD subscription is\u202f. If you have infrequent users and are interested in a pay-as-you-go option, please visit http://www.autodesk.com/flex to learn more.\n”}]},{“@type”:”Question”,”name”:”Does AutoCAD run on Mac?”,”acceptedAnswer”:[{“@type”:”Answer”,”text”:”AutoCAD can run on Apple macOS and Microsoft Windows. AutoCAD for macOS runs natively on Apple silicon. It supports the M-series chips including M1 and M2. See\u202fAutoCAD system requirements for more details.\n”}]},{“@type”:”Question”,”name”:”What Autodesk AI capabilities exist today in AutoCAD?”,”acceptedAnswer”:[{“@type”:”Answer”,”text”:”Autodesk AI helps AutoCAD users accelerate previously tedious and repetitive tasks, unlocking more time for creation and exploration. AutoCAD productivity tools\u202fMarkup Import\u202fand\u202fMarkup Assist\u202fhelp drafters iterate new designs more quickly. Machine learning enables\u202fMarkup Assist\u202fto identify handwritten and digital markups, detecting and executing certain instructions in markup text, making changes faster and easier. When a user needs to replace block references, Autodesk AI searches the user\u2019s block library, suggesting similar blocks to choose from. And, as users work,\u202fMy Insights:\u202fMacro Advisor\u202fprovides curated tips and valuable information\u2014at the right time and in the right context\u2014to increase productivity. These are just a few of the AI features currently available in AutoCAD.\n”}]},{“@type”:”Question”,”name”:”What is Autodesk doing to ensure the responsible and ethical use of AI and Machine Learning (ML)?”,”acceptedAnswer”:[{“@type”:”Answer”,”text”:”Some Autodesk AI features do not leverage machine learning and so do not require data for training of the underlying models. When an AI feature does require data for training, Autodesk uses different data sources depending on the feature. You can learn more about whether an Autodesk AI feature relies on machine learning and what data sources are used for training on the feature\u2019s AI transparency card, located within the Trusted AI section of Autodesk’s Trust Center. Note: Additional transparency cards are coming soon.\n”}]}],”@type”:”FAQPage”,”@context”:” “} var mboxName = ‘096bfb78\u002D7ed4\u002D4c60\u002D8d46\u002Daffbdd6fc6e0’; var mboxLocation = ‘096bfb78\u002D7ed4\u002D4c60\u002D8d46\u002Daffbdd6fc6e0’; var wcmMode = ‘DISABLED’; var includeResolvedSegments = false; var accurateTargeting = true || false; if (typeof CQ_Analytics !== ‘undefined’ && CQ_Analytics.TestTarget && CQ_Analytics.TestTarget.defaults) { // register the default content path in the “defaults” map CQ_Analytics.TestTarget.defaults[mboxName] = “\/content\/autodesk\/global\/en\/products\/autocad\/overview\/_jcr_content\/root\/container\/faq\/default.html”; } if (typeof mboxDefine == ‘function’ && wcmMode !== ‘ANALYTICS’) { var callParameters = [mboxName]; var callFunction; var replaced = false; callParameters.push(mboxName); // add the static parameters to each mbox var staticParameters = {}, arrStaticParams = []; for (var key in staticParameters) arrStaticParams.push(key + ‘=’ + staticParameters[key]); replaced = CQ_Analytics.TestTarget.addMbox({ id: mboxName, name: mboxName, defined: false, staticParameters: arrStaticParams, mappings: [], isProfile: ”, includeResolvedSegments: includeResolvedSegments }); if (accurateTargeting) { CQ_Analytics.TestTarget.triggerUpdate(); } else { var staticParameters = {}; var callParameters = {}; for (var key in staticParameters) { callParameters[key] = staticParameters[key]; } CQ_Analytics.TestTarget.updateMboxContent(mboxName, callParameters); } } Architecture Engineering Construction Collection

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