Images

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graeme  /  edwina  /  strang   2016
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IMG_9657

                                                                                                                                                            

photographer  Yawei  Liu
Master of Journalism  student
University of New South Wales
for Uni Poll Watch 2016

                                                                                                                              .

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                                     graeme  /  edwina  /  strang   2013
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GENERATION NAME ( birth year period ) total span 196 years

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01 ) the Civil War generation ( 1845 to 1864 ) span 20 years

02 ) the Gilded Age generation ( 1865 to 1882 ) span 18 years

03 ) the Progressive Era generation ( 1883 to 1900 ) span 18 years

04 ) the Greatest generation ( 1901 to 1927 ) span 27 years

05 ) the Silent generation ( 1928 to 1945 ) span 18 years

06 ) Baby Boom generation ( 1946 to 1964 ) span 19 years

07 ) generation X ( 1965 to 1980 ) span 16 years

08 ) Millennial generation or Generation Y ( 1981 to 1996 ) span 16 years

09 ) generation Z or i Gen ( 1997 to 2010 ) span 14 years

10 ) generation Alpha ( 2010 to 2024 ) span 15 years

11 ) generation Beta ( 2025 to 2039 ) span 15 years

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INTERNATIONAL  VOICE  ALPHABET  –  IVA   based upon a selection of the 193 member countries of the United Nations plus two mythical place names was formed on  June 28th 2020  as a more credible replacement for the commonly called  NATO phonetic alphabet .


A  –  Angola

B  –  Bolivia

C  –  Cuba

D  –  Dominica

E  –  Ethiopia

F  –  France

G  –  Ghana

H  –  Honduras

I  –  Indonesia

J  – Jamaica

K  –  Kuwait

L  –  Liberia

M  –  Mexico

N  –  Nigeria

O  –  Oman

P  –  Peru

Q  –  Qatar

R  –  Romania

S  –  Somalia

T  –  Togo

U  –  Uganda

V  –  Venezuela

W  –  Woop Woop

X  –  Xanadu

Y  –  Yemen

Z  –  Zambia

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SUBSTITUTIVE  WORD  for  PRONUNCIATION  of  an  ENGLISH  ALPHABET  LETTER

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A  –  none but also does function as a single letter word /  ay  of  day 

B  –  be  /  the perceived manifestation of something that exist

C  –  sea  /  the entire expanse of salt water that doth cover the earth surface

D  –  Dee  /  a female name

E  –  ee  /  an exclamation

F  –  none  /  ef  of the female name Effie

G  –  gee  /  an exclamation

H  –  aitch  /  the only English alphabet letter that is directly spelt

I  –  eye  /  the biological animal organ of sight

J  –  Jay  /  a male name

K  –  Kay  /  a female name

L  –  none  /  el  of the female name Ella

M  –  em  /  a unit of measurement that is used in the printing trade

N  –  en  /  a unit of measurement that is used in the printing trade

O  –  owe  /  an obligation to compensate at a future time

P  –  pee  /  urinate

Q  –  queue  /  an arranged line of people or things awaiting allocation or placement

R  –  are  /  the determination & expression of an existing perceived situation

S  –  ess  /  having  a shape of the letter S

T  –  tea  /  a mild liquid plant based drug

U  –  you  /  the other person

V  –  vee  /  having a shape of the letter V

W  –  double you  /  twice of the same one  &  the other person

X  –  ex  /  former  or prior

Y  –  why  /  a reason or an explanation

Z  –  none  /  z  of the word zip  &  ed  of the word eddy

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note  –  all 26 letters do function as a single word which does mean that particular letter
note  –  there exist no separate spelt word for an English alphabet letter except  ( h )  aitch
note  –  the letter  a  does also function as an  indefinite article
note  –  the  letter  I  ( capitalised )  does also function as a  personal pronoun
note  –  the 4 letters preceding the  h  of the word  aitch  do serve as  silent  ones
note  –  the letters of substitutive words are deemed silent except for a single depicted one
note  –  the word  queue  is hence proceeded by 4 silent letters
note  –  headquarters  abbreviated ( HQ )  is both preceded & proceeded by 4 silent letters 
note  –  the letters of the substitutive words  sea  &  see  &  eye  &  aye  are hence all silent 

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DIGRAPH / TRIGRAPH / QUADGRAPH  (  grapheme  –  letter blend  )  PHONETIC  TABLE

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the digraph ( with double consonant )

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br –     cr –     dr –     fr –     gr –     kr –     pr –     tr –     wr –

bl –     cl –    fl –     gl –     pl –     sl –

– ck

dw –     sw –     tw –

kn –

ld –     lk –     lt –

– nd      – nt

– nk – 

sc –      sk –      sm –      sn –      sp –      st –  

ch    sh    th      wh –

gh –      gn –      ph – 

– ng      – nk

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the digraph ( with consonant then vowel )

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qu –

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the digraph ( with consonant then semi vowel )

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cy –     dy –      my –      py –      ty –

– ly

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the digraph ( with vowel then consonant )

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– aw      – ew      – ow      – er

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the digraph ( with double vowel )

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ai ,  au  ,  ea  ,  ei  ,  eu  ,  ie  ,  oi  ,  ou  , 

– ue

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the digraph ( with identical vowel )

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– ee –    /    – oo –

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the digraph ( with identical consonant )

– cc –

– ff      – ss  

zz

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the digraph ( with vowel and semi vowel )

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– ay      – ey      – oy

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the trigraph ( with triple consonant )

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sph –

sch –      scr –      spl –      spr –      str –

chr –      shr –      thr –

– nth     

– tch

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the trigraph ( with double consonant single vowel )

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squ –

– dge

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the trigaraph ( with double consonant and semi vowel )

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cry –

phy –      psy –

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the trigraph ( with vowel / double consonant )

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– igh

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word trigraph 

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awe      aye      ewe      eye      owe

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the trigraph ( with double vowel then consonant )

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air       

– ear 

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the trigraph ( with triple vowel )

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– eau –      – eou –      – iou –

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the trigraph ( with vowel / consonant / vowel )

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– are      – ere      – ewe      – ore      – ure

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the quadgraph ( with double vowel double consonant )

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– augh      – eigh      – ough

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LETTER  –  / A /  –  USAGE  –  as a word beginning

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a  /  prefix  /  not  ,  without

a  /  motion  /  onward  ,  away

a  /  state  /  at  ,  into

a  /  position  /  from  ,  away  ,  in

a  /  add  before  /  sc  ,  sp  ,  st

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AUXILIARY  VERB  LIST  (  GROUPED  )

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am  ,  be  ,  do  ,  is  

could  ,  should  ,  would

was  ,  were  ,  will  ,  shall

can  ,  may  ,  might  ,  must

had  ,  has   ,  have 

being  ,  doing  ,  having

are  ,  did  ,  does

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ought  or  aught  ,  dare  ,  need  ,  been  /  peripheral auxiliary verbs

doth  ,  dost   /  archaic  for  does  &  do

not  /  used with an auxiliary verb to form the negative 

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note  –  auxiliary verbs can seemingly be made a full verb by omission of the subject verb
note  –  never use more than two  ( 2 )  auxiliary verbs before the particular subject verb

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FOUNDATION   ARCHAISM

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art  –  are / 2nd / singular / present

dost  –  do / 2nd / singular / present  (  does )

doth  –  do / 3rd / singular / present

– est  / regular verbs  /  2nd / singular / present

– eth  / regular verbs  /  3rd / singular / present

hast  –  have / 2nd / singular / present

hath  –  have / 3rd / singular / present

shalt  –  shall / 2nd / singular / future

thee  –  2nd / singular / object

thou  –  2nd / singular / subject

wast  –  be / 2nd / singular / past

wert  –  be / 2nd / imperfect / singular

wilt  –  will / 2nd / singular / future

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ELEMENTAL  ARCHAISM

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anon  –  soon

aught  –  anything

behold  –  exclamation / see & observe

befall  –  happen  /  occur

beseech  –  urgently implore

besought  –  beseech / past tense

twixt  –  between

betwixt  –  during the interval

carven  –  carve / past participle

clave  –  cleave / past tense

crave  –  request

dolven  –  delve / past participle

durst  –  dare / past tense & participle

hearken  –  exclamation / listen

hither  –  to this place / on this side

thither  –  towards that place

mayhap  –  perhaps

mote  –  may / might

nigh  –  near

nonce  –  for the time being

prithee  –  expression of a wish or request  /  please

sire  –  address for a male person of high social status

unto  –  to , onto , upon

wist  –  past tense of wit / possessing particular knowledge of an event or occurrence

withal  –  together

nay  –  no

yea  –  yes

yon  –  over that short distance

yonder  –  over that long distance

yore  –  long  ago

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ARCHAIC  WORD  SELECTION

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bane  –  something that will cause death

boon  –  favour / gift

bruit  –  report or rumour

damsel  –  young unmarried woman of noble birth

ditty  –  short and simple song

fane  –  temple or shrine

fardel  –  a burden / a bundle or collection

forsooth  –  in truth or reality

flighty  –  guided by whim

hallow  –  a saint or holy person

haply  –  by chance or luck  or accident

kine  –  cattle / particularly cows

maiden  –  young unmarried woman of common birth

meed  –  deserved praise or honour

morrow  –  the time following an event / near future

orison  –  reverent petition to a deity

ort  –  food scrap from a meal

palfrey  –  docile riding horse

palter  –  deliberately unclear or misleading

puissant  –  possessing great power or influence

raiment  –  clothing

thrall  –  slave or servant or captive

troth  –  pledge of faith and loyalty / truth

twaddle  –  talking nonsense

turnkey  –  prison keeper

wain  –  wagon or cart

welkin  –  the sky or heaven

wench  –  vivacious young woman

wont  –  customarily / regularly

wroth  –  anger

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FEATURE  WORDS

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your  –  fusion of  /  thy  &  thine

you  –  combination of  /  thou  /  thee  /  ye

audio  –  does  contain  80 per cent  vowel letters

strength  –  does  contain  87.5 per cent  consonant letters

aitch  –   H / the only letter of the English alphabet that is spelt

mystery  –  misery  without a  ( t – letter  or cross )  &  with an extra  (  y 4 i  )

revelation  –  an explained mystery that will become another mystery

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FORMAL  ABBREVIATED TITLES  of  DIFFERENTIATION  for  MEN  &  WOMAN

( who are commoners and not of the aristocracy or royalty )

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Messrs  ( pronounced  –  MESSers ) plural of  singular Mr  ( Mister – origin master )

Mmes  ( pronounced  –  MayDAM )  plural of singular Mrs  ( Missus – origin mistress )

Miss  –  title of an unmarried woman who is desirous of marriage – origin mistress

Ms  –  ( pronounced  –  Miz )  title of a married or unmarried woman  – origin mistress

note  –  a commoner is a landowner or a potential future landowner by legal right

note  –  one without any recognised land ownership potential is untitled

note  –  current law generally doth recognise all commoners as potential landowners

note  –  earthly land should be shared by all

note  –  the current form of land ownership doth prevent earthly land being shared by all

note  –  the term commoner should be synonymous with shared common land

note  –  a title is being used patronisingly by the world aristocratic state hierarchy

note  –  corruption of the commoner doth form the desire of those who so patronise

note  –  a commoner should reject a personal title and a land ownership title

note  –  a commoner who hath 1 to 8 knowledge & doest 9 shall uphold the divine lore

note  –  a commoner who does uphold the divine lore will be master or mistress

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DOUBLE U – WORD LIST ( where the uu is container wholly within the word )

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aquult – type of seasonally saturated dark acid soil found in humid tropics & sub tropics

busuuti – long short sleeved garment with a square neckline worn by Ugandan women

continuum – progression where the elements vary gradually by small increments

doshpuluur – long neck wooden lute from Tuva ( a republic in Russia )

duumvirate – coalition of two people holding the same office in ancient Rome

lituus – type of curved brass trumpet with a high pitched sound used in ancient Rome

mutuum – loan of consumable goods repaid with an equivalent ( Roman & Scottish law )

premenstruum – medical terminology for the period immediately before menstruation

residuum –  class of society that is unemployed and without privilege / chemical residue

triduum – three days of prayer before a great feast in the Roman Catholic church

shuvuuia – small non avian bird like theropod dinosaur that once inhabited Mongolia

vacuum – space entirely or mostly devoid of physical matter but not energy

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X  –  WORD  LIST  /  base words of  5 + letters  without a  Y  or  Z  &  no  X  or  ex  –  start

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annex  –  incorporate or attach or join a smaller entity into a larger entity

anxious  –  feeling of unease

approximate  –  close or near in number or likeness but not precise or exact  

axiom  –  a formally recognised and established self evident statement of a natural law 

borax  –  a multiple use mineral salt compound containing sodium and boron

buxom  –  a woman with a noticeably full and curvaceous figure

climax  –  the peak resultant intensity of desired effort

codex  –  an ancient manuscript text in book form

complex  –  a structured array which is serving a purpose

dioxin – a poisonous chlorinated hydrocarbon product of petroleum manufacture

elixir – a substance held capable of extending life indefinitely

flummox  –  bewilder

helix  –  a linear cylindric or conic circumference with a constant perpendicular angle

index  –  an alphabetical reference of a book or file which cross matches subject and page

lexicon  –  word compilation

matrix  –  an intermeshed environment of artificial development

maximum  –  upper limit

mixture  –  a combination of different things

nexus  –  a series of connections / central or focal point

paradox  –  a functional contradiction

parallax  –  apparent positional change of observed objects from different viewpoints

perplex  –  baffle

philodox  –  lover of own opinion

pixel  –  digital dots that comprise a screen image

pixie  –  a small pointed eared folklore character

sextant  –  an navigation instrument with a graduated 60 degree arc for measuring angles

toxic  –  poisonous

textile  –  cloth or woven fabric

vixen  –  a women whose sexual attractiveness is derived from a feisty character

vortex  –  the suctional centre of a whirlpool or whirlwind

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REVELATION  RIDDLE

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TABLE  1

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triple  one   1 + 1 + 1 = 3  :  1 + 11 = 12  :  11 + 1 = 12   add  subs   3 + 12 + 12 = 27   ( 9 )

triple  two   2 + 2 + 2 = 6  :  22 + 2 = 24  :  2 + 22 = 24   add subs   6 + 24 + 24 = 54   ( 9 )

triple  three   3 + 3 + 3 = 9  :  33 + 3 = 36  :  3 + 33 = 36   add subs   9 + 36 + 36 = 81   ( 9 )

triple  four   4 + 4 + 4 = 12  :  44 + 4 = 48  :  4 + 44 = 48   add subs   12 + 48 + 48 = 108   ( 9 )

triple  five   5 + 5 + 5 = 15  :  5 + 55 = 60  :  55 + 5 = 60   add subs   15 + 60 + 60 = 135   ( 9 )

triple  six   6 + 6 + 6 = 18  :  66 + 6 = 72  :  6 + 66 = 72   add subs   18 + 72 + 72  =  162   ( 9 )

triple  seven   7 + 7 + 7 = 21  :  7 + 77 = 83  :  77 + 7 = 83   add subs   21 + 83 + 83 = 187   ( 16 / 7 )

triple  eight   8 + 8 + 8 = 24  :  88 + 8 = 96  :  8 + 88 = 96   add subs   24 + 96 + 96  =  216   ( 9 )

triple  nine   9 + 9 + 9 = 27  :  9 + 99 = 108  :  99 + 9 = 108   add subs   27 + 108 + 108 = 243   ( 9 )

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adding the reduction of each individual total then reducing

that total to a single number   . . . . . .   79 / 16 / 7

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TABLE  2

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triple  one   144 , 000  divided by   27   =   5333 . 33333      ( 29 / 11 / 2 )

triple  two   144 , 000  divided by   54   =   2666 . 66666      ( 51 / 6 )

triple  three   144 , 000  divided by   81   =   1777 . 77777      ( 58 / 13 / 4 )

triple  four   144 , 000  divided by   108   =   1333 . 33333     ( 25 / 7 )

triple  five   144 , 000   divided by   135   =   1066 . 66666      ( 44 / 8 )

triple  six   144 , 000   divided by   162  =  888 . 888888      ( 73 / 10 / 1 )

triple  seven   144 , 000   divided by   187   =   770 . 053475      ( 39 / 12 / 3 )

triple  eight   144 , 000   divided by   216   =   666 . 666666      ( 49 / 13 / 4 )

triple  nine   144 , 000   divided by   243   =   592 . 592592      ( 48 / 12 / 3 )

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adding the reduction of each individual total then reducing

that total to a single number   . . . . . .   38 / 11 / 2

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note  <   divisions of  144 , 000   are not rounded upward to the next whole number

note  <   the unreduced sub totals of the first table are used as dividers of  144,000

note  <   144 , 000   divided by   999  =  144 . 144144

note  <   final reduction total   7   plus   2   equals   9   (  the number of completion  )

note  <   all divisions of   144 , 000   were only calculated to nine digits

note  <   666  and  888  are singularly perpetual and eternal and interchangeable

note  <   777  is the vital triple that doth lay between  666  and  888

note  <   777  will give total completion because its division dost not repeat

note  <   777   is covertly known as the  Devil ‘s number  (  not  666  )

note  <   666   is overtly known as the  Devil ‘s number  (  not  777  )

note  <   humanity is both perpetual and eternal by and through interchangeability

note  <  interchangeability doth lay between the triple 6 and triple 8

note  <  interchangeability does use the triple 7 as the pivot or pivotal

note  <   nothing can exist without interaction with another

note  <   no interaction can occur without the difference of the vital

note  <   144 , 000  is seen as a constant but hath interconnection with the triple 999

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EIGHT  EVIL  THOUGHTS

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1 )  gluttony  –  unnecessary and unhealthy indulgence
2 )  lust  –  intense desire for more unnecessary and unhealthy indulgence
3 )  avarice  –  desire for the unobtainable
4 )  anger  –  frustration of being denied the unobtainable
5 )  sloth  –  the apathy and indifference of being denied the unobtainable 
6 )  sadness  –  state of rejection and realisation of an illusionary denied loss 
7 )  vainglory  –  fixation upon gain and achievement 
8 )  pride  –  obsession with gain and achievement

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SEVEN  DEADLY  SINS

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1 )  superbia (  hubris  )
2 )  avaritia  (  avarice  )
3 )  luxuria  (  extravagance  )
4 )  invidia  (  envy  )
5 )  gula  (  gluttony  )
6 )  ira  (  wrath  )
7 )  acedia  (  sloth  )

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note  –  the Eight Evil Thoughts are applicable both generally and specifically
note  –  the Eight Evil Thoughts are seen as the precursor of the Seven Deadly Sins
note  –  the Seven Deadly Sins doth exclude vainglory
note  –  the Seven Deadly Sins did originally state extravagance for lust 
note  –  a sexual connotation for lust is deliberate distortion of the Seven Deadly Sins  
note  –  the Seven Deadly Sins did originally state extravagance for lust
note  –  that deliberate distortion hath given notoriety to the Seven Deadly Sins
note  –  the notoriety of the Seven Deadly Sins has eclipsed the Eight Evil Thoughts

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BACKWARD ENGLISH QUESTION EXPRESSION

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English questions are formed by these interrogative words

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interrogative adverbs

how – enquiry of manner or method

why – enquiry of explanation or purpose

when – enquiry of time

where – enquiry of place

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interrogative pronouns

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what – determiner of general classification

which – determiner of general differentiation

who – determiner of personal identity

whom – determiner of personal responsibility

whose – determiner of personal possession

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ILLUSTRATION

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note – the 1st question in a separate group is shown as the future tense
note – the 2nd question in a separate group is shown as the present tense
note – the 3rd question in a separate group is shown as the past tense

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the backward question expression for . . . how

How will that huge rock be moved ?
How is that huge rock being moved ?
How was that huge rock moved ?

the forward question expression for . . . how

That huge rock will be moved how ?
That huge rock is being moved how ?
That huge rock was moved how ?

the backward question expression for . . . why

Why will the clear day sky always be coloured blue ?
Why is the clear day sky always coloured blue ?
Why has the clear day sky always been coloured blue

the forward question expression for . . . why

The clear day sky will always be coloured blue why ?
The clear day sky is always coloured blue why ?
The clear day sky has always been coloured blue why ?

the backward question expression for . . . when

When shall that madness be quelled ?
When does that madness quell ?
When was that madness quelled ?

the forward question expression for . . . when

That madness shall be quelled when ?
That madness does quell when ?
That madness was quelled when ?

the backward question expression for . . . where

Where shall that suburb be found ?
Where is that suburb found ?
Where was that suburb found ?

the forward question expression for . . . where

That suburb shall be found where ?
That suburb is found where ?
That suburb was found where ?

the backward question expression for . . . what

What shall be considered a reasonable result ?
What is considered a reasonable result ?
What was considered a reasonable result ?

the forward question expression for . . . what

A reasonable result shall be considered as what ?
A reasonable result is considered as what ?
A reasonable result was considered as what ?

the backward question expression for . . . which

Which shall be seen as the ideal sample ?
Which is seen as the ideal sample ?
Which was seen as the ideal sample ?

the forward question expression for . . . which

The ideal sample shall be seen as which ?
The ideal sample is seen as which ?
The ideal sample was seen as which ?

the backward question expression for . . . who

Who should be awarded the title ?
Who must be awarded the title ?
Who was awarded the title ?

the forward question expression for . . . who

The title should be awarded to who ?
The title must be awarded to who ?
The title was awarded to who ?

the backward question expression for . . . whom

To whom should be sent the account ?
To whom must be sent the account ?
To whom was sent the account ?

the forward question expression for . . . whom

The account should be sent to whom ?
The account must be sent to whom ?
The account was sent to whom ?

the backward question expression for . . . whose

Whose dress will be viewed as the most practical ?
Whose dress must be viewed as the most practical ?
Whose dress was viewed as the most practical ?

the forward question expression for . . . whose

The most practical dress will be viewed as whose ?
The most practical dress must be viewed as whose ?
The most practical dress was viewed as whose ?

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note – there exist ( 9 ) interrogative words
note – each interrogative word does serve as the complete question
note – who / whom must be generally preceded by the preposition ( to )
note – what / which / whose must be generally preceded by the preposition ( as )
note – the ( 4 ) interrogative adverbs do not require supportive qualification
note – the ( 5 ) interrogative pronouns doth require supportive qualification

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IMAGE RUNNER – a flowing word pair form where one or both the separate pairings will
not possess a definition but a derived one shall arise from the stated combination

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eeky freaky – something unnerving that has suddenly appeared or arisen
heebie jeebies – a reactive feeling of apprehensiveness
highess pious – a description of someone offering a false holly explanation for an action
nickity nack – a call for hasty action that will deliver a barely adequate result
oddkin bodkin – the conspicuously different item or person of a group
oxus mocksus – continual and relentless patronization by someone
quirkus murkus – something unique and significant but shrouded in mystery
ridgy didge – ( Australian ) okay / plainly genuine or truthful
topsy turvy – something where the components are seen as askew or reversed

.

RHYME RUNNER – a flowing word pair form which is created by omission of a first letter or word sound from a word base part where either may not possess a separate definition but a new or enhanced one shall arise from the stated combination

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airy fairy – an unsupported claim which is lacking essence of current common reality
anky spanky – a fun loving hand spanking upon the bare exposed buttocks
icky sticky – an undesirable but unavoidable situation
ighty flighty – a person exhibiting an erratic and unpredictable spontaneous behaviour
itsy bitsy – a small version or sample of something that is much bigger
okey dokey – ( American ) okay
ooky kooky – inexplicably weird
onkas bonkas – something or someone that is not functioning as expected

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RHYTHM RUNNER – a flowing word pair created by changing the first letter or word sound of a word base part or word base where the separate pairings may not possess a definition but a new or enhanced one shall arise from the stated combination

.

dim sim – a person who cannot immediately see the potential of an idea
harum scarum – a wild and reckless event or action that will cause fright
hanky panky – mischievous behaviour or deceptive action and undertaking
happy jappy – someone who has been satisfied by something inconsequential
hells bells – a coming event that is attached with an extreme feeling of deathly foreboding
helta skelta – haphazardly fast continuous action with a mesmerizing affect
higgledy piggledy – a movement or arrangement without an apparent pattern
hocus pocus – the irrational prelude to something with a veiled meaning
holus bolus – something that is enacted with maximum total effort and effect
holy moly – an acknowledgement of something outrageous
hooley dooley – a wildly exhaustive but enjoyable action or exertion
hotch potch – a mismatched mixture that will be considered tolerably acceptable
lovey dovey – utilization of romantic attraction to gain favour
mumble jumble – speech viewed as indecipherable by a reader or listener
mumbo jumbo – a shortened version of mumble jumble
mumsey pumsey – something that is sworn to secrecy
namby pamby – performing a task with cursory effort
razzle dazzle – a bright colourful fast paced form of persuasion
silly billy – a person who has made a thoughtless but harmless mistake
slippery dippery – set upon a path that may result in a significant personal loss
teensey weensey – something small but significant and wholly adequate
willy nilly – a task that is performed with an unplanned approach

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WORD RUNNER – a word form pair where both the separate pairings will possess
a definition but a new or enhanced one shall arise from the stated combination

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Tom foolery – playful roguish behaviour used as a distraction or diversion
Thomas foolery – variant of Tom foolery


plain Jane – a female who is individually indistinguishable from a group
real McCoy – the original and not an imitation of the original
slippery Sam – someone who can avoid capture
tricky Dicky – someone who can out wit others
whistling Dixie – promotion of something that shall result in failure

air head
all thumbs
bean counter
beyond it
book worm
bottomless pit
brain drain
bright spark
bull artist
bum steer
cheap skate
cheap thrill
clean sweep
dead end
dead head
dead meat
dead right
dead wrong
death trap
dirt cheap
double trouble
eager beaver
exercise freak
fair dinkum
far fetched
far out
fine line
fine tune
flat chat
fluke artist
foregone conclusion
forlorn hope
free reign
free run
fudge it
good oil
grand finale
grand opening
has been
high handed
high flyer
hunky dory
inside out
impeccable timing
keep tab
keep tabs
know all
lame brain
light fingered
lost cause
mean machine
meat head
melting pot
mind blowing
mosquito pee – very light rain of no consequence
no go
no hoper
no frills
number cruncher
one off
open slather
perfect timing
plain sailing
public relations
quality control
rat race
raw deal
red raw
rev head
rip snorter
shove it
slip shod
slow coach
slow motion
space age
spitting chips
squeaky clean
tailor made
tall poppy
techno babble
thought provoking
united front
vanishing act
verbal diarrhoea
whizz kid
windy whoof
windy whoosh
wise guy
yappity yap
yippity yap

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REPEAT RUNNER – a word form pair or double pair created by stating the same
defined word again to create a new or enhanced one with a negative meaning

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aye aye
ha ha
hush hush
no no
my my
so so
well well
yeah yeah

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REPETITIVE RUNNER – a word form triple created by stating the same defined
word three times to create a new or enhanced one with a positive meaning

.

busy busy busy
hello hello hello
hey hey hey
ho ho ho
hot hot hot
hubba hubba hubba
oohla oohla oohla
wow wow wow
yeah yeah yeah

.

CONJUNCTIVE RUNNER – a word pair joined by a conjunction where each pairing will
possess a definition but a new or enhanced one shall arise from the stated combination

.

audacity and temerity
chirp and cheep
clang and bang
clean and tidy
cut and paste
deep and meaningful
down and out
down and outer
fair and square
fame and fortune
fast and furious
fear and terror
fine and dandy
fish and chips – something that is regarded as culturally common
floss and gloss
flotsam and jetsam
forgive and forget
free and easy
fumble and bumble
glitter and glam
grin and bear
grunt and groan
hard and fast
hide and seek
high and dry
high and mighty
hit and miss
hustle and bustle
in and out
kiss and tell
lean and mean
live and learn
lo and behold
load and go
lost and found
loud and proud
meek and mild
meet and greet
moan and groan
mix and match
near and far
near and dear
poke and prod
prance and dance
push and shove
rain and hail
rant and rave
raw and sore
return and earn
rise and fall
rise and shine
roar and soar
rock and roll
rough and ready
rude and crude
sack and store
sad and sorry
safe and secure
scrimp and save
scrummage and rummage
slice and dice
slick and sleek
slip and slide
slow and steady
smooth and slick
snip and clip
sop and mop
straight and narrow
taut and terrific
to and fro
trash and treasure
trials and tribulations
trim and slim
twirl and swirl – dance in a free flowing joyous manner
twist and shout
up and down
wear and tear
wheel and deal

all or nothing
bridge or barrier
do or die
friend or foe
make or break
man or mouse
me or you
need or greed
now or never
nude or prude
populate or perish
sink or swim

nothing but trouble

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PREPOSITIONAL RUNNER – a word pair joined by a preposition where each pairing will possess a definition but a new or enhanced one shall arise from the stated combination

.

crime against humanity

good as gold

clutching at straws
fire at will

age before beauty
thought before action

fly by nighter – something of short duration that will disappear unnoticed
four by two – a solid length of rectangular timber that can be used as a club

bang for buck – generation of an excellent result for a minimal effort
free for all
good for nothing
hell for leather
just for kicks
something for nothing
tit for tat

detached from reality – objectively separated from the main body of something
divorced from reality – subjectively severed from the main body of something

back in ten
hole in one
just in time
lost in love
poetry in motion
two in one

act of God – a significant disruption to the natural sequential harmony of existence
love of God – the desire of seeking or obtaining or wielding power and influence
wrath of God – self inflicted human misery that is caused by deviation from nature

abundance of ideas
age of enlightenment
back of beyond – an isolated foreboding sparsely populated land area
balance of power
benefit of hindsight
box of tricks
burst of energy
change of pace
child of destiny
day of reckoning
depths of despair
devoid of meaning
end of time
eruption of violence
flower of life – the manifested depicted essence of the sacred geometry
flurry of activity – an excessive amount of uncoordinated motion and movement
force of habit – the same methodology used despite the need for a different one
fruit of life – a derived resultant elemental part of the sacred geometry
house of cards – a group of odd but amusing people / something flimsy & collapsible
injection of vitality
keeper of records
lack of fortitude
lack of motivation
lap of honour
man of action
march of time
nick of time
out of character
peace of mind
person of substance
piece of piss – an action that will require a minimal amount of effort
presence of mind
rate of attrition
reign of terror
rite of passage
round of applause
rule of thumb
show of strength
sign of life
state of play
stroke of luck
tale of woe
tree of life – a derived progression within the essence of the sacred geometry
window of opportunity
wealth of knowledge
world of tomorrow

back on track
right on cue
right on time

head over heels
mind over matter

better than nothing

honest to God

head to toe
made to measure
made to order
money to burn
need to know
next to nothing
rags to riches
return to sender
road to nowhere
second to none
top to bottom

dangerous when provoked
slippery when wet

approach with caution
play with fire
proceed with care

.

IDENTICAL RUNNER – a same word pair joined by a conjunction or preposition where the word will possess a definition but a new or enhanced one will arise from the combination

.

disaster after disaster
time after time

by and by
over and over
round and round

bit by bit
blow by blow
day by day
hour by hour
inch by inch
minute by minute
second by second
step by step

measure for measure
word for word

back to back
end to end
eye to eye
face to face
hand to hand
head to head
side to side

.

VOWEL RUNNER – a phrase which is created by a change of the first interior vowel ( I ) from the first word to either ( A or O ) for a 2 word one and ( A then O or U ) for a three word one

.

two word vowel runners

chitter chatter
chit chat
clip clop
dilly dally
dingle dangle
fiddle faddle
flim flam
flip flop
hip hop
jingle jangle
mish mash
nick nack
nickity nackity
pitter patter
riff raff
sing song
tick tock
tittle tattle
wishy washy
yippity yappity
zig zag

.

three word vowel runners

bish bash bosh
ding dang dong
fizz fazz fuzz – cloudiness of vision and thought caused by an emotive mind
flip flap flop
mish mash mush
sing sang sung
splish splash splosh

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    Year Location Number of Participants

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    2020 Bergen 5,000

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    Comparison of Environmental Concerns among Ghanaian and
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    Ghanaian Youth American Youth

    Character Positive association with environmental responsibility

    Confidence

    Connection

    Caring

    Competence
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    Further research is needed to explore the link between the 5Cs and environmental attitudes among Norwegian youth and to gain a deeper understanding of
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    This section provides an overview of research conducted on the relationship between experiences in nature and pro-environmentalism, highlighting the need for further investigation.

    Nature-based recreation and close engagements with the natural environment contribute significantly to the development
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    The Benefits of Nature Exposure
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    Benefits of Nature Exposure Effects on Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors

    Promotes cognitive restoration Increases awareness and
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    Enhances psychological well-being Boosts support for environmental conservation efforts

    Inspires awe and wonder Fosters a sense of responsibility towards nature

    Encourages physical activity Promotes engagement in sustainable practices
    These findings highlight the profound influence that experiences in nature can have on individuals’ pro-environmental
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    Defining Experiences in Nature
    Experiences in nature encompass a wide range of interactions with
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    Incidental contact with nature: This refers to moments
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    Direct and intentional contact with nature: In contrast, this
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    Consumptive, mechanized, and appreciative activities: Different activities in nature can shape the experiences
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    Mechanized activities involve using machinery
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    Appreciative activities focus on observation, appreciation,
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    Self-directed experiences: These are experiences in nature that individuals pursue
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    Other-directed experiences: On the other hand, other-directed experiences
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    Solitary experiences: These refer to experiences in nature that are undertaken alone,
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    Positive emotional responses: Experiences in nature have the power to evoke a wide range of emotions, such as awe, joy, peace, and wonder.
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    Type of Experience Examples

    Incidental contact with nature Encountering wildlife during
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    Direct and intentional contact with nature Camping in a national park

    Consumptive, mechanized, and appreciative activities Fishing, off-road biking,
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    Self-directed experiences Exploring a trail alone

    Other-directed experiences Participating in a wildlife conservation project

    Solitary experiences Meditating in a quiet natural setting

    Positive emotional responses Feeling awe while watching a
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    Experiencing nature can be a transformative
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    Approaches to Studying the Relationship Between Experiences in Nature and Pro-Environmentalism
    Researchers have adopted a range of approaches to
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    These approaches shed light on the psychological and emotional connections that
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    1. Significant Life Experiences
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    It also examines the influence of childhood experiences in nature on the
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    By exploring these formative experiences, researchers can uncover pivotal moments and childhood memories that inspire individuals to champion environmental causes later
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    2. Ecological Beliefs
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    behaviors.

    3. Connectedness to Nature
    Connectedness to nature refers to an individual’s emotional and cognitive relationship with the
    natural world. This approach explores the extent to which
    people perceive themselves as interconnected with nature
    and how this sense of connectedness influences their attitudes and behaviors.
    Examining the role of connectedness to nature can help unravel the deep-rooted emotional
    bonds that drive individuals to protect and preserve the environment.

    4. Place Attachment
    Place attachment refers to the emotional bond individuals develop with specific natural environments or places.
    Researchers using this approach examine how these deep attachments to places
    influence pro-environmental behaviors. By understanding the role of place attachment, we can gain insights into the significance of
    specific locations in fostering a sense of responsibility and
    stewardship towards the environment.

    5. Biophilia
    Biophilia is the innate human affinity and love for nature.
    This approach investigates the extent to which individuals
    possess biophilic tendencies and how these tendencies influence their pro-environmental attitudes and
    behaviors. Exploring biophilia helps us understand the deep-seated connection between humans and
    the natural world, and how it manifests in our actions to protect and preserve the environment.

    6. Willingness to Engage in Pro-Environmental Behaviors
    This approach focuses on individuals’ readiness and motivation to adopt pro-environmental behaviors.
    Researchers examine the various factors that influence
    this willingness, such as personal values, beliefs, social norms, and perceived efficacy.
    Understanding the determinants of willingness to
    engage in pro-environmental behaviors can guide the development of interventions and strategies to promote sustainable actions among individuals and communities.

    “The interaction between experiences in nature and pro-environmentalism is multi-faceted, involving significant life experiences, ecological beliefs, connectedness to nature, place attachment, biophilia, and the willingness to engage in pro-environmental behaviors. Each approach offers unique insights into the psychological and emotional connections that shape individuals’ environmental attitudes and actions. By comprehensively studying these factors, we can better understand how experiences in nature foster pro-environmentalism and develop effective strategies to promote environmental conservation.”

    Findings on the Link Between Experiences in Nature and Pro-Environmentalism
    Various studies consistently demonstrate a positive association between experiences in nature and pro-environmentalism.
    These experiences have been found to foster emotional affinity toward nature
    and promote individuals’ willingness to conserve biodiversity
    and support the conservation of urban green spaces.

    The relationship between environmental attitudes and behaviors is supported by well-established
    theories such as the Theory of Planned Behavior and
    the Value-Belief-Norm Theory. These theories suggest that individuals’ intentions and beliefs about their social and environmental responsibilities significantly influence their actual
    environmental behaviors.

    Moreover, environmental attitudes play a crucial mediating role in the relationship between experiences in nature and pro-environmental behaviors.
    When individuals develop a strong emotional
    connection with nature and display positive attitudes toward the environment, they
    are more likely to engage in environmentally friendly actions.

    Several factors contribute to this link between experiences in nature and pro-environmentalism.

    Firstly, the presence of biocentric values, which emphasize the intrinsic value
    and rights of all living organisms, enhances individuals’ commitment to environmental conservation.

    Furthermore, a sense of connectedness to nature plays a vital role
    in promoting pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors.
    When individuals feel deeply connected to the natural world,
    they are motivated to protect and preserve it.

    Positive emotions experienced in nature also contribute significantly to pro-environmentalism.
    Joy, awe, and tranquility felt during nature encounters elicit positive affective responses, leading to a greater sense of responsibility
    toward environmental sustainability.

    Psychological restoration is another important aspect.
    Time spent in nature allows individuals to unwind,
    recharge, and mitigate the stress and mental fatigue associated with
    modern urban lifestyles. This restoration enhances individuals’ motivation to
    protect nature and engage in environmentally conscious behaviors.

    A sense of morality and a belief in the ethics of environmental preservation play a role in pro-environmental
    attitudes and behaviors. When individuals view environmental conservation as
    a moral obligation, they are more likely to make sustainable choices and actively contribute to protecting the environment.

    Lastly, a strong sense of place attachment, manifested
    as emotional bonds and a sense of belonging to specific natural places,
    fosters pro-environmentalism. Individuals with a deep attachment to their environment
    are more inclined to work towards its conservation and uphold sustainable practices.

    Overall, the positive relationship between experiences in nature and pro-environmentalism is supported by a range of psychological and emotional
    factors. Understanding these connections provides
    valuable insights for developing effective strategies to promote environmental consciousness and sustainable
    behaviors.

    “The best way to instill environmental values and behaviors is through meaningful experiences in nature.” – Dr.

    Jane Goodall

    Key Findings: Factors Influencing Experiences in Nature-Pro-Environmentalism Link:

    1. Positive association between experiences in nature and pro-environmentalism 1.
    Biocentric values

    2. Emotional affinity toward nature 2. Sense of connectedness to nature

    3. Willingness to conserve biodiversity 3. Positive emotions experienced in nature

    4. Support for conservation of urban green spaces 4.
    Psychological restoration

    5. Mediation of environmental attitudes and behaviors by experiences in nature 5.
    Sense of morality

    6. Sense of place attachment

    The Complexity of the Experiences in Nature-Pro-Environmentalism Relationship
    The relationship between experiences in nature
    and pro-environmentalism is complex and influenced by multiple factors.

    The different approaches used to examine this
    relationship highlight the diversity and intricacy of the
    underlying processes.

    Studies have shown that experiences in nature can contribute to the formation of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors.
    However, the specific factors influencing this relationship
    are varied and multifaceted.

    One factor that plays a significant role
    in the experiences in nature-pro-environmentalism relationship is
    the type and quality of nature contact. Whether it is direct and
    intentional or incidental, the nature of the contact can shape individuals’
    attitudes and behaviors towards the environment.

    The social context in which experiences in nature occur also
    influences pro-environmentalism. The presence of others, such as friends, family, or environmental educators, can enhance the impact of the experience and promote a sense of shared responsibility for the environment.

    Additionally, individual characteristics and beliefs,
    such as environmental values, connectedness to nature, and prior knowledge of
    environmental issues, can interact with experiences in nature to shape pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors.

    “Environmental experiences are like puzzle pieces that, when combined and examined from different angles, reveal the intricate relationship between nature and pro-environmentalism.”

    The complexity of the experiences in nature-pro-environmentalism
    relationship calls for further research to better understand and unpack the underlying dynamics.
    This research should take into account various contextual factors and consider potential mediators and moderators that may influence the relationship.

    Future studies could explore the role of cultural differences, age, gender, and socioeconomic
    factors in shaping individuals’ responses to experiences in nature and
    their subsequent pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors.

    Factors Influencing the Experiences in Nature-Pro-Environmentalism Relationship:

    The quality and type of nature contact

    The social context of experiences in nature

    Individual characteristics and beliefs

    Understanding the nuances of the experiences in nature-pro-environmentalism relationship is crucial
    for developing effective strategies to promote environmental attitudes and behaviors.
    By gaining a deeper understanding of the complexity at play, we can work towards creating a more sustainable future.

    Future Research Directions
    Despite the existing research on experiences
    in nature and pro-environmentalism, there are still several
    gaps that need to be addressed. Future studies should focus on the following aspects:

    1. Research Gaps
    Identify and address the gaps in current knowledge regarding the relationship between experiences in nature and
    pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. Explore unexplored aspects to gain a
    more comprehensive understanding of the topic.

    2. Longitudinal Studies
    Conduct longitudinal studies to examine the long-term effects of experiences in nature on individuals’ pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors.

    This will help determine whether these experiences have lasting impacts and how they may contribute to a sustainable lifestyle.

    3. Cross-Cultural Comparisons
    Perform cross-cultural comparisons to gain insights into the cultural and contextual influences on the relationship between experiences
    in nature and pro-environmentalism. Comparative studies across different countries and societies will
    provide a broader understanding of how these factors interact.

    4. Mechanisms of Influence
    Investigate the mechanisms through which experiences in nature influence pro-environmental attitudes
    and behaviors. Examine how factors such as emotional connection, cognitive processes, social influences, and personal values
    contribute to the formation of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors.

    5. Effectiveness of Interventions
    Evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at promoting
    experiences in nature and cultivating pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors.

    Identify the most effective strategies and approaches that
    can be implemented to encourage individuals and communities to engage
    in sustainable practices.

    Research Directions Description

    Research Gaps Identify and address gaps in current knowledge

    Longitudinal Studies Examine long-term effects of experiences in nature

    Cross-Cultural Comparisons Explore cultural and contextual influences

    Mechanisms of Influence Investigate how experiences in nature impact attitudes and behaviors

    Effectiveness of Interventions Evaluate strategies to promote experiences in nature and pro-environmentalism
    Addressing these future research directions will significantly contribute to our understanding of the relationship between experiences in nature and pro-environmentalism.
    By bridging research gaps, conducting longitudinal studies, comparing cross-cultural
    contexts, exploring mechanisms of influence, and
    evaluating intervention effectiveness, we can develop a
    more comprehensive knowledge base. This knowledge will be instrumental in promoting sustainable attitudes and behaviors that can help conserve and protect our
    environment for future generations.

    Conclusion
    This article has explored the relationship
    between environmental attitudes and conservation behavior, emphasizing the crucial role of experiences in nature and positive youth development.
    The findings highlight that experiences in nature can significantly contribute to the formation of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors among individuals and communities.

    Understanding the complexity of the relationship between experiences in nature and pro-environmentalism is essential for promoting sustainable practices and fostering environmental consciousness.
    By encouraging more frequent contact with nature and creating opportunities
    for positive youth development, we can cultivate ecological
    awareness and green behavior.

    However, further research is needed to address existing gaps and develop effective interventions that
    can encourage a sustainable lifestyle. This includes exploring
    the mechanisms of influence between experiences in nature
    and pro-environmental attitudes, conducting longitudinal studies to assess long-term effects, and evaluating the effectiveness of
    interventions aimed at fostering environmental stewardship.

    By promoting pro-environmental attitudes and
    empowering individuals to take action, we can collectively work towards a sustainable future,
    where conservation psychology, environmental activism, and a sustainable lifestyle become integral
    components of our everyday lives.

    FAQ

    What is the connection between environmental attitudes and conservation behavior?

    Environmental attitudes refer to an individual’s beliefs, values, and concerns regarding the environment and their willingness to engage
    in pro-environmental behaviors. Conservation behavior,
    on the other hand, refers to actions taken to protect and conserve the environment.
    There is a positive relationship between environmental attitudes and conservation behavior, suggesting that individuals with pro-environmental
    attitudes are more likely to engage in actions that contribute to environmental sustainability.

    How can sustainable practices promote environmental consciousness?

    Sustainable practices encompass behaviors and actions that aim
    to minimize harm to the environment and preserve natural
    resources for future generations. By adopting sustainable practices, individuals
    can actively contribute to environmental preservation and reduce
    their ecological footprint. These practices promote environmental consciousness by raising awareness
    about the impact of human activities on the environment and encouraging
    individuals to make informed choices that prioritize
    sustainability.

    What is the role of positive youth development in environmental concerns?

    Positive youth development (PYD) is a framework that focuses on nurturing the strengths, skills,
    and resources of young people. Within the PYD framework, individuals develop positive
    character traits and competencies that can contribute
    to environmental concerns. PYD encourages youth to engage in community participation and
    take responsibility for environmental protection, fostering a sense of environmental
    stewardship and activism among young individuals.

    How do experiences in nature influence pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors?

    Experiences in nature have been found to have a positive impact
    on pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. Spending time in nature can evoke positive emotions, such as awe and appreciation, which in turn can foster a sense of connectedness and empathy towards the natural world.
    Experiences in nature also provide individuals with opportunities to learn about environmental issues firsthand,
    leading to an increased willingness to engage in pro-environmental actions and behaviors.

    What are the different types of experiences in nature?

    Experiences in nature can be categorized based on the type of contact with nature and the social context in which they occur.
    Incidental contact refers to experiencing nature as a by-product of
    another activity, while direct and intentional contact involves actively seeking out nature.
    Different activities in nature, such as consumptive, mechanized, and
    appreciative activities, can shape the experiences people have.
    Experiences in nature can be self-directed or other-directed,
    solitary or social, and can evoke positive
    or negative emotional responses.

    How are experiences in nature linked to pro-environmentalism?

    Studies have consistently found a positive association between experiences in nature and pro-environmental
    attitudes and behaviors. Experiences in nature have been linked to emotional affinity toward nature,
    willingness to conserve biodiversity, and support for the conservation of urban green spaces.
    Environmental attitudes have been found to mediate the relationship
    between experiences in nature and pro-environmental behaviors, suggesting that
    positive experiences in nature contribute to the development
    of pro-environmental attitudes, which, in turn, drive pro-environmental actions.

    What factors influence the relationship between experiences
    in nature and pro-environmentalism?

    The relationship between experiences in nature and pro-environmentalism is complex
    and influenced by various factors. Factors such as biocentric
    values, connectedness to nature, positive emotions, psychological restoration, a sense of morality, and a
    sense of place attachment have been proposed to explain this
    link. These factors highlight the multidimensional nature of the experiences in nature-pro-environmentalism relationship and the importance of considering
    individual differences and contextual factors.

    What are the future research directions in understanding the experiences in nature-pro-environmentalism relationship?

    Future research should focus on conducting longitudinal studies
    to understand the long-term effects of experiences
    in nature on pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors.
    Cross-cultural comparisons can provide insights into the cultural and contextual influences on this
    relationship. Further investigation is needed to identify the mechanisms through which experiences in nature influence pro-environmentalism.
    Additionally, evaluating the effectiveness of interventions aimed at promoting experiences in nature and
    pro-environmentalism can provide practical insights for environmental education and outreach
    programs.

    How can environmental attitudes and conservation behavior contribute to a sustainable lifestyle?

    Environmental attitudes and conservation behavior play a
    crucial role in promoting a sustainable lifestyle.
    Adopting pro-environmental attitudes and engaging in conservation behaviors help reduce individual and collective environmental impact.
    By making conscious choices that prioritize sustainability, individuals
    can contribute to the preservation of natural resources, minimize pollution and
    waste, and promote a healthier planet for future generations.

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    Author mvorganizing.orgPosted on 1 January 2024Categories Environmental Psychology, Psychology

    Reply

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